Financing of Home Care Essay

In United States of America, health is an interesting topic in the society that does not only influence the well being of millions of Americans, but also influences the strength of Americas’ economy. This nation spends more on health care per person than any other nations. America is said to be having the highest infant mortality rates and a relatively low average lifespan. (Baer, 1989) For many families, lack of Health care is the source of vulnerability for the household’s economic status, as sickness or injury without health care can be a financial burden pushing families to poverty. According to the Census Bureau, the number of Americans having Private health coverage has fallen by one percent in the recent years. Home care is a term that is used to refer to the services that are usually provided in the home. They include giving patients professional services from physiotherapist, social workers and nurses. There is also the use of supplies, inclusion of therapies and incorporation of durable medical equipment. (Baer, 1989) The government has set the rules that have to be followed by each and every home care. In the home care, a range of services are therefore provided to the patients. The services include home making services, medication administration, blood transfusions, physical and occupational therapists among other services. Medicare on the other hand covers the home care services for the patients that have the following characteristics; †¢ They receive services from a Medicare †¢ They are under the physician’s care plan †¢ Those that are homebound †¢ Those that need nursing care that is very much skilled or physical therapy There are various ways through which homecare is financed. They include the following; †¢ Government funds †¢ Volunteers †¢ Commercial insurers †¢ Donations or charities †¢ Patients These are the major ways that home care systems are financed. Research reveals that systems are not for making profits. Looking at the various sources of finance for home care, there are different percentages of income that comes from each source. The government in most cases gives the highest percentage of income to the home care. This is approximately sixty percent of the total amount sourced. Donations then follow next with twenty percent. (Ehrenreich, 1970) Commercial insurers give approximately ten percent of the total amount of money that is used in the homecare systems. Patients are normally charged a small fee when they visit the home system and this amount to approximately five percent of the total revenue. There are normally volunteers who help out in providing some of the services free of charge and this helps to ease the burden of the costs that are incurred. Research reveals that there exists a very good relationship between the financiers and the homecare system. There is no one who ever wants to give his or her money without wanting to know how it has been used. Taking an example of the government as the main source of finance for homecare systems, it is always concerned with the faring on of the home care. (Ehrenreich, 1970) The government is normally very concerned with issues that affect home care especially in relation to the finances therein. The administrators of the home cares normally have the responsibility of giving account of how the finances have been spent in the home care. Looking at it from the administrator’s point of view, they normally wish that the government would do more than just send the finances to them but actually be more concerned with the whole project or the issues taking place in the home care system. To the administrators, the finances that are given by the government are not sufficient to cater for everything in the system and therefore planning becomes very hard in such a situation. The patients on the other hand are very grateful that the government decided to cater partly for their services given in the homecare because they don’t pay a lot of money. Research carried out in the year 2006 May in the United States amongst various patients reveal that patients come from different social status. There are those from affluent families, middle and then low income families. (Schaeffer, 2002) For the low income patients, the amount of funds that are given by the government are not enough because this compels the system administrators to charge them a fee which to them is a lot comparing it to their level of income. The patients who have middle income think that the government’s support is fair and they as patients can now afford it. For the affluent, they do not even feel the pinch of giving the little cash for getting services in the homecare but nevertheless acknowledge that the government is of great help. Donations and charities in form of funds given to the home care are given by organizations and individuals. There are various non-governmental organizations that give their donations to home care systems. According to the administrators in home care systems, donations and charities help a great deal in the smooth running of the systems. They concur that without the help of these non-governmental organizations, and then they could not have managed to do so many things in the home care systems. Patients also as stakeholders are grateful to the invaluable help of non-governmental organizations and individuals for this has enabled very many of them to access services that they could have otherwise not been able to. According to the administrators, the help given by no-governmental organizations though it helps it is not sufficient and therefore much still needs to be done. Looking at the relationship of the non-governmental organizations with the home care systems, one can say that there exists good relationship as the NGOs normally try to catch up on how the home cares are faring on. Research reveals that the relationship of the financier with the homecare is very important. A part from the financial help, there needs to be a mutual relationship between these two parties so that they can understand each other well. Looking at the provider or the financiers’ point of view, there is so much expectation from the home care system. From the government’s point of view, home cares expect so much from the government and there is the tendency to think that the government has got a lot of money lying idle which can be used in the home care system. According to the officials in the government of United States, the administrators have to know that the government is doing its best to see to it that these systems are run smoothly without financial strain. This is done so that every citizen benefits from these services and especially those from low income families per say. (Warren, 2005) Conclusion In home care, mostly the medical services are given in the home. In this case the patients are given professional services by nurses, social workers and home care assistants. These services include physiotherapy. Each and every home care system has to follow the rules that are set up by the government. (Strunk and Gabel, 2002) Home care systems are financed by various stakeholders. They include the following; the government, donations from individuals and from non-governmental organizations, small fee paid by the patients and from commercial insurers. Among these sources the government gives the highest percentage of finances to the home care systems. This is sixty percent of the total finances in the home care systems. According to the administrators in home cares, this amount is not sufficient to cater for all the needs in home cares. They say that the government needs to add more funds. According to the patients, the government is really playing a big role in enabling them to access these important services. (Strunk, and Gabel, 2002) To the low income patients, the funds are not enough and they should be increased so that they (patients) pay much lesser than what they are currently paying. The relationship that exists between financers and the home care systems is good. The administrators however say that the financiers need to be more concerned with all the activities that take place in the home care. Government officials say that home care administrators expect so much from them but they are doing their best to see to it that the home care systems do not strain financially at all. Reference Baer, H. (1989): The American Dominative Medical System as Reflection of Social elations in the Larger Society. Social Science and Medicine, 28(11):1103-1112 Ehrenreich, J. (1970): The American Health Empire: Power, Profits and Politics; NY Random House, Schaeffer, S. (2002): Rising Health-Care Expenses Outpace U. S. GDP Growth, HealthCare costs rose 9. 3% in 2002 PP 207-217 Strunk, B. and Gabel, J. (2002): Tracking health care costs- Growth accelerates again In 2001; Health affairs; Pp 45-67 Warren, E. (2005): Sick and Broke; New York; Melbourne Press

God’s lift is out of order Essay

What is it like to be left behind by someone close to you? Everywhere you will find people who have lost somebody near them – it is only natural. But what makes a person want to loose their own life? Life is not always easy to be a part of and some choose to leave by committing suicide without thinking about those who are close to them. Perhaps suicide seems the only way to solve someone’s problems, but it is a selfish act and it is the people left behind who are suffering. In the short story by Karen McCarthy â€Å"God’s lift is out of order† we read about these matters. The first-person narrator of the story is a girl, a black girl from Jamaica who lives in England. She has a boyfriend, Ed, who she is in love with, but even though he is mentioned in the story, we do not hear much about him. The story centres around a whole other man named Aaron, who is a friend of the female narrator. Her story begins with a dream. It is a dream about this Aaron, who we later hear about in reference to some things the two of them have done together. After having had this dream she cannot stop thinking about Aaron and about two weeks after on Christmas Eve the narrator is getting ready for a big birthday party. This is when she accidentally finds a Valentine’s day card from Aaron, but does not have the time to read it. Without further notice she does not realise that Aaron probably was thinking of her as more than just a close friend – he could be in love with her, but does not want to interfere with what she has with Ed, so he keeps his feelings to himself. Later arriving at the party she meets Kevin, who asks her if she has heard what happened to Aaron. Kevin, not realising that the narrator does not know anything, tells her that Aaron has committed suicide. The girl is left in shock and cannot move. Throughout the story we hear about Aaron and the girl. A certain episode at a hospital is worth mentioning. Here they often go and have a cup of hot chocolate before going back home, but at this time the elevators are not working. Above them a sign reads â€Å"Goods lift is out of order† which the main character mistakenly reads as â€Å"God’s lift is out of order†. This situation in reference to Aaron’s suicide gives the title of the story. The fact that God’s lift is out of order agrees with Aaron’s early death. He dies too young because of some kind of ‘mix-up’ in God’s order. In the end of the story the main character goes to the party earlier mentioned, where she hears what has happened to Aaron. She seems to be feeling guilty, especially because of what happened the last time she talked to him and said: â€Å"mum should never have given you this number and don’t call here again† (p. 3, l. 120) She now knows exactly why things ended as they did. And the truth is that she actually did not mean the things she said, she really missed him. Her reaction towards these information’s shows that she appreciated the friendship of Aaron’s, but also that she might have had a feeling that Aaron wanted more than just friendship with her and therefore tried to keep a distance. On the one hand because of her relationship with Ed, but on the other hand she also knows that Aaron has gone too far with his drug abuse. The main themes in this story are premonition and the feeling of regret. The dream we hear about in the beginning of the story is set as a warning to the main character and afterwards she keeps thinking about Aaron. She sees him fall to his death whilst screaming out her name and she wakes up calling out his. But as any other she only sees it as a nightmare and not as a bad omen. You can think of the sign â€Å"God’s lift is out of order† as a hint to. As mentioned before it represents the wrongness of Aaron’s death – he dies too young. And had the narrator only read the Valentine’s card from Aaron, when she received it, she might have been able to prevent him from killing himself. Talking to Aaron on the phone at the incident described earlier makes her feel bad, but not nearly as much as she does after his death. The things she told him were the last words he heard from her. There is no worse feeling of regret than letting someone die without letting them know how you really feel about them. The fact that she let Aaron die thinking that she disliked him and never wanted to talk to him again is most likely unbearable and she regrets not having told him how much she would like to have kept him in her life. â€Å"Not Waving but Drowning† is a poem written by Steve Smith about a man who is drowning while crying out for help. It is a very dark poem and it can stand as an example for Aaron’s situation. Slowly the drugs are killing him and the main character does not hear his cry for help. He feels as if he is being ignored by his best friend and the woman he is in love with, but she does not know that he is depressed and has not recognised his cry for help: â€Å"I was much further out than you thought† (l. 3) After the death of Aaron the main character feels a great deal of guilt and sadness which the photo by Mick E. Westerlund expresses well. She is walking alone in dark surroundings showing a lot of sadness and pressure. The way she is walking and the feeling of guilt the main character has adds up to this girl who is walking through a gate as if ending a chapter in her life. The loss of Aaron is very hurtful and even though it is not her fault she comes to blame his death on herself. Whatever reason is given for committing suicide it cannot be justified. There are always people who get hurt and not only the one doing it. The people left behind are the ones hit the worst. However, these people do not realise that there is a better way out, that whatever problem one might have they can be solved differently if only trying hard enough. 2. Give a brief account (200-300 words) of the devices used en Edward Munch’s painting The Scream and compare it to Mick Westerlund’s photo. The Norwegian artist Edward Munch painted the world known painting â€Å"The Scream† in 1893. It is an expressionistic oil painting that centres around a screaming person. Using dramatic lines in the background draws attention further to the screaming person who is in direct focus this way. Also that the point of view is almost in human perspective makes a stronger impression. The use of warm colours in the sky in contrast with darker bluish colours gives a dramatic effect. Comparing the painting to the photo by Mick E. Westerlund is difficult because of the different devices used in these two images. â€Å"The Scream† by Edward Munch is a painting while Mick E. Westerlund’s is a photograph. To create the effect as desired he uses only black and white colours. So the only real comparison between the two images is the perspective of a human point of view and that the person in both pictures wear dark, if not black, clothes. In â€Å"The Scream† it symbolizes the chaos and frustration the person seems to be feeling and in the photo it relates to somewhere of an ending for the girl walking through the gate.

The Welsh Health Survey Health And Social Care Essay

The study was based on a representative sample of local people populating in private families in Wales. A random sample of references from the Postcode Address File ( PAF ) was selected and the sample was stratified by local authorization. Data was collected at two degrees: family ( through a short interview with respondents ) and single ( through self-completion questionnaire ) . The consequences reflect people & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s ain apprehension of their wellness instead than a clinical appraisal of their medical status, and their ain reading of the wellness services they have used.Major Highlights of the information is given below: –Socio-economic and personal information about respondents: –Researcher has done statistical analysis of the information and has calculated mean, standard divergence of individual consecutive figure and family consecutive figure every bit good. In the lodging term of office 75.6 % respondents belong to the class of proprietor resident, 14.7 % are on societal leasing whereas merely 9.7 % are on private rental. In the above study employment informations of respondents besides taken as bulk 41.3 % are engaged in everyday and manual businesss, 35.7 % have their managerial and professional business where as 20.4 % respondents have their intermediate business and minority 2.6 % have ne'er worked and they are in long term unemployment. Among the respondents the ratio of female was high as it was 53.6 where as the ratio for male respondent was merely 46.4 % . As it was the study for grownups so 75+ old ages old respondents was being merged. The information depicts that the age group start from 16 old ages old and covers the respondents age of 75+ it covers the every age group of grownups. There was no biasness with the age. The study was non stick to the peculiar age group. Data depicts the economic position of respondents which reflects that 47.8 % are in employment, 2.2 % are unemployed and half of the entire figure i. e 50 % respondents are economically inactive. Data sing the making of respondents shows that 17.6 % are degree qualified. 54.8 % have other makings apart from degree classs whereas 27.6 % are disqualified.Health position, unwellnesss and other conditions:41.6 % reported that they are non suffered from corpulence and fleshiness where as 58.4 % which is more than half they suffered from it. Merely 2.7 % respondents reported that they had of all time stroke, 22.3 % answered that they presently being treated for high blood force per unit area, 10.7 % for asthma, 14.4 % for a respiratory unwellness, 11.4 % for other chronic unwellness, 14.8 % for arthritis, 5.5 % for seeing job, 10.7 % for a mental unwellness, 9.5 % for a bosom status, and 6.9 % for diabetes. 29.1 % of respondents reported that they are holding a restricting long-run unwellness.Health-related life style:21.9 % respondents reported that they are presently smoked. 19.9.0 % of respondents non-smokers reported being on a regular basis exposed to other people ‘s baccy smoke indoors. 8.2 % answered that they drink about every twenty-four hours. 35.4 % of grownups reported eating five or more parts of fruit and vegetables the old twenty-four hours. 29.3 % reported run intoing the guidelines for physical activity in the past hebdomad.Health service usage:17.62 % of respondents reported that they had talked to a GP about their ain wellness in the past two hebdomads where as 82.4 % respondents did non talked to a GP in past two hebdomads. 83.8 % of grownups reported that they have non attended casualty in the last 12 months whereas 16.2 % respondents have attended the same. 33.6 % of grownups reported go toing a hospital outpatient section in the past 12 months, and 9.9 % respondents answered that they have stayed in infirmary as an inmate ( nightlong or longer ) . 69.9 % of grownups reported that they have used a tooth doctor in the past 12 months, 70.1 % a druggist and 49.9 % an optician. 55.1 % respondents reported that they are taking regular prescribed medicine.Strengths of informations: –The information was really elaborate information to cognize the wellness position of people populating in Waless because it was based on holistic attack which was related to other wellness issues as good. The gathered information was unbiased. The study involves people irrespective of their age groups, local life country and gender. The study was done successful as it is utile in many ways which highlights the existent state of affairs of wellness related issues of local people. Through this findings policy shapers, research workers and other stakeholders can reexamine and supervise bing wellness policies and do new schemes and can develop new policies for their improvement. This information provides a direct engagement and demand of NHS to supply wellness attention installations to the people in their countries. The study provides an chance to do an effectual coaction among different stakeholders in civil society and local authorization so that authorities can do new schemes to filtrating the policies for people wellness well- being.Failing of informations: –Information which was collected sing restricting long term unwellness, non stipulating whether or non the unwellness was treated or non. Adult respondents were classified as holding any bosom status if they reported of all time holding been treated for a bosom onslaught or presently being treated for angina, bosom failure or ‘another bosom status ‘ . Consequences for high blood force per unit area ( high blood pressure ) are besides shown, but are normally shown individually from bosom conditions because high blood force per unit area is a hazard factor for bosom disease instead than an existent bosom status. Adult respondents were asked whether they were presently being treated for diabetes, doing no differentiation between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. If they responded positively, they were asked how their diabetes was controlled ( by injection, tablets or diet ) . Respondents were asked whether they had any trouble with their hearing, without a hearing assistance if they normally wore one. If they answered yes, they were asked about the usage and effectivity of hearing AIDSs.Analysis and reading of Datas: –The information shows that 5.5 % of grownups reported holding trouble with their seeing. Table 1.1 shows that were droop addition in the per centum who reported that they holding trouble with their seeing and these respondents are belongs to peculiarly age group of 75 old ages or over this. Besides the job of eyesight exists in particularly older adult females which could be because of age factor. Data depicts that 14.4 % of grownups reported being treated for any respiratory unwellness. Around 10.7 % of respondents reported that they are presently being treated for asthma. Table 1.2 shows that the per centum of job of respiratory unwellness is increasing by age. We can see that of entire answering adult females respondents are more being treated for a respiratory unwellness in comparing to male respondents. We can analyse from the informations that 10.7 % of grownups are being treated for mental unwellness. Among them maximal respondents are being treated for depression. If we do compare the mental unwellness from age than we can state that harmonizing to the informations mental unwellness is increasing among respondents towards the in-between age before come ining in the retirement age. Besides per centum of mental unwellness is higher among female as compared to male respondents. Data shows that figure of per centum of respondents who reported that they of all time holding been treated for a shot. We can analyse that the jobs of shot is increasing with age. In this variable besides we have found that overall Numberss of female respondents are higher in comparing to male respondents. As per the information job of arthritis is quickly turning with the age. We have analyzed that 5.5 % of grownups reported holding trouble with their hearing. Table 1.3 shows that the job of hearing exists to those who are aged 65 old ages. Besides the ratio of male respondents who have reported trouble in hearing i.e. higher than the females. Decision: – After analysis the whole information we can state that there is demand to carry on farther research studies in the same field. As this was the study based on the foregrounding the cardinal wellness issues of people in Waless. Though the study has been conducted successfully nevertheless there is demand to analyze or research the wellness facet with deepness research based on one to one detailed interviews besides the ratio and figure of instances of diseases can be compared in the last few old ages. So that the reappraisal of bing policies can be done and new schemes can border or develop for supplying the better wellness attention installations to the people.

Client Centric Aproach for Brokerage Business Essay

Client Centric Aproach for Brokerage Business - Essay Example For business such as brokerage firm, it becomes more important that they should evolve and embarrass client centric approach because by building long term relationships, the firms can achieve the necessary breadth and focus on its customers to achieve strategic superiority but also gain necessary competitive advantage over their competition. It is therefore very critical that the firms involved in business which requires different and potentially sensitive relationships with the clients, a client centric approach would be a viable and effective alternative to achieve the strategic objectives. However, such approach require a collaborative approach since engaging with the client from the initial stages of registering as a client to the process of conducting business through the brokerage firm requires a very focused strategy to develop effective relationships with the clients. This paper would attempt to understand and analyze how the client centric approach would allow a brokerage firm to gain client assets/share of wallet. The focus of this paper will be two fold. First it would discuss what the client centric approach is and secondly its application on the brokerage business will be studied. A brokerage firm acts as an intermediary between the buyer and the seller, typically in a stock market. Due to peculiar nature of the stock exchange functioning, there is a greater need for the financial intermediaries who play the role of a link between the buyers and the sellers so that the exchange against some consideration can take place. A discount broker is a person who carries out the business of buying and selling at much reduced commissions and fees etc. The purpose of the stock broker therefore is to address that segment of the market which could not otherwise afford the usual high rates of the brokerage firms which provide similar services. In doing so, firm tend to attract bulk of the small investors especially who due to lack of capital. The focus of such investors therefore always remains on reducing the transaction costs so that they can maximize their profits. Firms offering such services therefore tend to be generalized in nature as they offer services which are hardly differentiated therefore such firms need to develop their specialties based on pricing as well as non-pricing factors. Since such types of firms are offering discount services therefore they are already leading in that area however, non-pricing factors include the use of different and innovate means of attracting and maintain customers. Being client centric is one such mean through which such type of firms attempt to attract clients. In order to assess the client centric approach being adopted by discount broker firm, we must also understand as to how the discount firms perform their jobs. Discount firms do not offer advice to their clients and simply sell out whatever you have therefore this reduces their spreads and offer services which are discounted. It is also argued that the discount brokers are used by the experienced investors who can do their own research and only

Depression Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Depression - Research Paper Example If there was one word that could be used as an umbrella term to cover all the feelings resulting from depression that would be â€Å"hopelessness†. Depression is a serious disorder but can be treated if adequate measures are taken in time without delay. Learning about the potential causes, signs and symptoms of depression is indeed, the very first step in the way towards its resolution, treatment and prevention. What is depression? Depression is essentially an illness which affects and takes control of an individual’s mood, thoughts and the whole body. Under the influence of depression, an individual becomes pessimistic in his/her approach towards himself/herself and his/her eating and sleeping habits are particularly affected. Many people suffering from depression take eating as a means to escape depression. In their attempt to relieve their tension, they seek refuge in the taste of food. The resulting overeating makes them gain weight and many end up becoming obese. W here food intake is increased, there is a significant decrease in the amount of sleep. People suffering from depression either can not sleep or have nightmares when they sleep. They are haunted by ferocious dreams which interrupt the sleep. It is not possible for an individual that has a depressive disease to â€Å"pull himself/herself together† and start feeling better. ... There are four major kinds of depression, namely major depression, atypical depression, dysthemia, and seasonal affective disorder. They are explained below: 1. Major depression Thus type of depression is largely characterized by an individual’s lack of tendency to feel pleasure in life. The lack of enjoyment is persistent and uninterrupted. This makes the depression aggravate with the passage of time. However, even if no treatment is taken, major depression usually occupies the patient for 6 months. Most of the people experience a single episode of depression in their whole life. The disorder is generally recurring but there are medicines and treatment to minimize the recurrence. In the West, major depression is the No. 1 psychological disorder in the contemporary age (clinical-depression.co.uk, 2011) which is increasing among all communities and age groups, particularly among the youth. It is estimated that by 2020, major depression will be the second most disabling disorder in addition to the heart disease. In order to fight major depression, most patients resort to the use of antidepressants. They are undoubtedly effective in providing an individual with immediate relief, though they do little to guarantee the individual depression free life. 2. Atypical depression It is essentially a subtype of the major depression. Atypical depression is characterized by a particular symptom pattern that is inclusive of a temporal shift in mood as a result of positive events. An individual suffering from atypical depression feels good when he/she hears good news or when he/she hangs out with peers or friends. Nonetheless, the temporary emotional boost is ephemeral. The potential symptoms of atypical depression include but are not limited to increase of

Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Humanities - Essay Example sance’ literally means â€Å"rebirth.† It referred to the ideas of artistic renewal and reawakening that occurred in this time period as people began rediscovering the skill of the ancient world, starting in Italy and spreading to other nations. To them, the remnants of the ancient world represented a golden age of shared culture, reason and creativity. Their refocus on the classical subjects, styles and artistic knowledge can be discovered in various forms of art created during this time period, including paintings. Although artists were strongly influenced by classical thought, shown in their inclusion of ancient myths and legends, the Renaissance was also heavily influenced by contemporary discovery and Christian ideals. At nearly the same time, the church underwent a period of Reformation, in which they rejected their previous focus on material wealth and riches, turning instead to simpler, purer early forms. Many artists during the Renaissance, freed of their stric tly religious patrons, were pulled between Christianity and paganism, heaven and earth, in their subjects and communicated this conflict in the magnificent works of art they produced. When the mathematical focus of the ancient Greeks and Romans was discovered, artists of 15th century Florence quickly linked it to the proportional, focus of their own world. They recognized the geometric and arithmetic formulas as a common factor in both creating great works of art as well as communicating to their largely commercial audience on an immediate basis. â€Å"In an age of non-standard shipping units, one had to be able to calculate contents and quantities of shipments fairly rapidly† (Lemaitre & Lessing, 1993, p. 15). Painters and other artists employed this community-wide foundational knowledge in geometry to present objects and elements in their work that were familiar to the average viewer at the same time that they immediately emphasized the message they wished to portray. â€Å"In the same way

State, Market and Social Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

State, Market and Social Policy - Essay Example At most of part of this paper is the provision of the answer to the question on whether we should be concerned on market failure or government failure. There are inefficiencies brought about by monopolies. One in which is that they can get away with imposing higher non-pecuniary (non-financial) costs on buyers (Lewis and Widerquist 2001). For instance, assuming a small local market for counseling had just one provider of psychotherapy. Clients who went to this provider's office might have to spend long periods in waiting areas. This would have been the time that the clients could have spent engaging in other valuable activities; as a result their waiting time would be a cost. The therapist might be able to do some things to lessen clients' waits, other than as a monopolist, the therapist faces no viable demands to do any of them. In response to this, Lewis and Widerquist (2001) assert that a government has three things it can do to lessen and improve the inefficiency caused by monopolies. First, it can attempt to promote competition in monopolistic markets through breaking up monopolies or by avoiding them from forming. This is the reason why the United States has antitrust laws. Antitrust laws limit mergers (the joining together of firms in order to create bigger firms) between firms that sell goods in the same market. Moreover, antitrust laws also limit price-fixing between firms in the same market through preventing competing firms from performing as if they were monopolists. Evidently, the U.S. government utilized antitrust laws to break up American Telephone and Telegraph's monopoly on long-distance phone service, and the Justice Department has taken Microsoft to court. Second, governments have the power to decide whether to permit the monopoly to survive but regulate its price. As an application and realization, the U.S. government has employed this solution for phone companies and electricity companies, and local governments on occasion use it for cable television. This preference is frequently used for industries that are supposed to be natural monopolies. For the reason that a group of smaller firms would have a higher cost than one large firm would, breaching up a natural monopoly would not work very well. On the other hand, leaving the natural monopolist alone generally is not a good suggestion since natural monopolies have the same aspiration to get the most out of profit as any other firm, subsequently they will increase prices higher than costs and have the tendency to raise prices well above costs. For instance, one may think that his/her water bill is high now, but how high would your bill have to go before you seriously considered drilli ng a well You would probably let it go quite high (as cited in Lewis and Widerquist 2001). Therefore, if the water company were an unregulated monopolist, it could get away with a very high price. It is not easy for government to determine the right price to tolerate a natural monopolist to charge, and firms that face a regulated price have efficiency problems, but regulation may be the best solution, basing on the options. Lastly, the government may perhaps plainly take the monopoly over and run it itself. The U.S. government

Competencies Checklist Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Competencies Checklist - Personal Statement Example The reporter stresses that "I fully understand the need for good behavior amongst young people and the principles that are essential in the guidance of children’s behavior in order to provide the best educational and social results. I am familiar with the major hypotheses required in educating young children, which are dependent on the learning abilities of young children. In addition, I am knowledgeable on the importance of developing children, families, and communities that create valuable relationships amongst young people. The family-children relation program further enables the families of young children to empower them through their relationships. I also have adequate knowledge of the history of my profession, which is an added advantage since I fully understand the needs that arise on any occasion. I am technologically educated, and I use this ability to assist the children in my classroom to learn more efficiently. I am aware of the ethics that are involved in educating young children and I fully employ them in my teaching center in order to develop disciplined individuals. I am also able to deliver education and quality care by employing the Pearson education model. I fully comprehend the needs of assessing young children and documenting the reports for reference. I also engage in programs that involve studying and teaching, which are helpful in increasing my knowledge about my career and increasing my competency. I am currently taking a degree on CDA in order to further my teaching career. I have written my philosophy of teaching, which is consistent with my actions when carrying out my responsibilities. I am also keen on keeping my teaching up to date and understand the contemporary issues in the society."

Ecotourism Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Ecotourism - Case Study Example is involvement in the decision-making process.Thirdly, there is a valuation of cultural activities of the community within and local communities giving assistance to in the initiative of protecting the natural resources(Nature,2014). Thailand is endowed with a lot of natural resources and ecotourism sites. The ecotourism sites offer spectacular sceneries. Some of the destinations that attract visitors frequently include the Bokeo nature reserve, Chiang Mai, Ko Talu Island and Kaeng Kranchan National Park. These attraction sites offer different kinds of activities that are distinct from any other ordinary tour. The ecotourism sites offer unusual, exciting, and daring experience given the numerous kinds of wildlife found in the sites. Interestingly, visitors can interact with tigers and play with their cubs. Lovers of adventure can also take elephant rides, watch birds of different species flying, and participate in hikes inside the ecosystems. Some of the lodges that offer accommodation include the Asadang bed and breakfast, Ariyasomvilla, Praya Palazzo, Sala arun and many others. Visitors show their appreciation for nature by viewing birds flying early in the morning at the Doi Inthanon tourist attraction centre (Wild Planet Adventures, 2014). The travel document for the planned ecotourism will cover two weeks. On the first day, students will arrive at Thailand’s capital city airport of Bangkok. We will be welcome by officials of ecotourism site and head to a nearby hotel for supper. The night will be spent at Bhuthorn and Arum residence. On the second day, students will tour Chiang Mai by bus. The site has both an Elephant camp and a Tiger Rescue Center. During the day, students will be given time to play with the elephants and have a photo session. The next stop will be at the Tiger rescue Center where we will play with cubes for 30 minutes. Those who would have carried food for the animals will be allowed to feed them given that the management does not

Supply Determinants of Coffee Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Supply Determinants of Coffee - Coursework Example This research will begin with the statement that agricultural phase involves the cultivation of green coffee employing different methods and treatment such as soil management, use of fertilizers, treatment of pests and harvesting that are influenced by the cultivation practices, a topology of the plantation, and method of harvesting. Upon harvesting two methods can be used to process it namely dry method –is an old, simple and natural method that is mostly is used in processing all Robusta coffee. The other being wet method-here specific equipment and water is used. The Arabica type is mostly processed by this method and it normally produces the better quality that commands high prices in the market. Production phase; involves processing and packaging. The processing in this stage involves storing; cleaning and weighting; roasting; blending; grinding. The powder produced after processing is normally subjected to different processes so as to develop the varieties such as the in stant coffee manufacturer. In the packaging, the stage includes many different types of primary and secondary packaging for roast coffee depending on the choices of the company. Input prices that are inversely proportionate the supply of coffee .i.e. when the prices of raw materials goes up the supply of coffee would reduce; productivity in terms of production cost is directly proportionate the supply .i.e. if involvement of a technology makes production cheap then the supply of the product will definitely shoot; price of substitute is directly proportional to the supply of the product hence if the price is low then the supply of the product with definitely be down; expected future price of the product if expected to accelerate in the future the supply of that product will go down in the present since the producers would be hoarding them for the future. Demand is the number of goods a consumer is able to purchase at a given price. The determinants include The disposable income of th e consumer is directly proportionate to the demand for a product in that should it increase the consumer will demand more; consumer preference is directly proportionately to demand i.e. consumers will tend to demand what they prefer; price of related goods if increases the demand of the substitute will also shoot; expectation of future prices if is to raise the demand of the goods at the present will increase in fear of the price rise.

Dada Arts influence on later 20th Century Art Research Paper

Dada Arts influence on later 20th Century Art - Research Paper Example The Dada leaders emphasized a total deletion of all prior prescribed rules, dogmas, and formulas. The movers insisted that the current system that controls societal ethics, moralities, and cultures must be replaced by freedom. Freedom includes the freedom do whatever one feels is art. The Dada art movers insisted that there will be no more rules, especially art rules. Thus, anyone can draw, paint, or take a picture of mundane objects and classify such ordinary objects as art (Brill 72). Further, Verkauf criticized the members of the Dada movements as individuals who prioritizing shocking society with their unorthodox art masterpieces. Verkauf reiterated that the art pieces of the Dada artists are both shocking and without any sense of reality, including artistic art sense. Some terms were recognized ad Dada art inspired. Picadia reiterated that the Dada Art movement did not expecting anything. They wanted nothing, nothing, and nothing. The Dada artists want the viewers of their art masterpieces and understand nothing, nothing, and nothing. The Dada artists clearly want freedom the established societal art norms (Brill 72). In addition, one of the founders of the Dadaism art movement is Marcel Duchamp. Duchamp and other Dadaism did not accept the popularity of the conventional art genres. Instead, Duchamp focused on the subject of the found art style. The style is characterized by the depicting an object or situation that one interestingly find.

Rebuilt Marketing Machine Essay Example for Free

Rebuilt Marketing Machine Essay Per the article The Rebuilt Marketing Machine by Victoria L. Crittenden, the additional 4C’s of strategic marketing are customer centrality, competitive capabilities, company collaborations and cynical connections. Starting with customer centrality, studying what the customer needs and wants are. Creating solutions for all of the different customers wants instead of forcing the customer into a product. Consumers are all about the customer and the customer experience, ensuring the best service. Competitive capabilities open the door with worldwide web allowing most business to have an opportunity to portray themselves as worldwide leaders. Competition leads many businesses to strive for success and beyond. Therefore competitive capabilities allow business to think of ways to improve their businesses. The third C, company collaboration, is an advantage to companies where you can take superior business and combine business to provide customers the best of both worlds. Company collaboration allows marketing to interfere with other departments to ensure high quality of services. The last C in strategic marketing, cyclical connections are vital to the business world through its strategic planning, great marketing skills will be proved through the outcome of business. In order for a company to succeed, a strong formula must be implemented. Although the 4Ps still remain popular in marketing, the matrix needs to be rebuilt due to it no longer being successful for businesses. Business men all know the 4Ps marketing mix framework, due to its common sense there are no longer any advantages. In today’s world, marketing is the key to success and finding ways to better concepts for business success all around the world since marketing is always changing. The gist to marketing is impleme nting new ideas for business success, using the aged idea of the 4Ps is no longer comparative to the advancement of the business world today. Comparing the 4Cs to 3Cs, Porters 5 Forces, SWOT analysis, BCG Matrix is important since they all support different ideas. Starting with SWOT analysis, finding out what the strength and weaknesses for business allows better strategy for business growth. SWOT analysis defines the pros and cons of the business where as the 4Cs finds ways to improve the weaknesses. SWOT analysis bring consistency to a business, however if combined with 4Cs it would allow great marketing strategy. Porters 5 forces focus on competition and striving for the top name in leading business. This strategic plan uses the strength and weaknesses of other companies through their own annual reports, financial statements, and mysterious shoppers, etc, to find ways to better business. Whereas company collaboration in the 4Cs, focuses on marketing function in conjunction with other areas in the organization. This allows companies to make decisions on ideas as a whole and not just one team making a decision. The BCG Matrix only focuses on two items the SBU market growth rate and the SBU relative market share, this matrix is based on assumptions and is biased. Due to this the 4Cs implements greater ideas since the BCG focuses on profitability and market share and does not support other marketing ideas. The 3Cs is somewhat similar to the 4Cs however the 4Cs are more thorough in the idea of marketing. The 3Cs provides types of questions to ask yourself when opening a business which are common sense. However, the 4Cs are in depth details of important marketing strategies for building a successful business. In my opinion the marketing mix framework is consumers oriented and fits better in the movement for mass marketing to niche marketing. However, it is out dated and needs to be revised with careful consideration of what the customer wants and needs are. Adding new elements to the framework to ensure better marketing techniques, such as adding another â€Å"P† for customers (people) because without business from the customers, companies will not grow. Also, finding ways to better the customer experience so that customer will be a returning customer and not only focus on making money. The customer will be using social media to rate businesses, speak to family and friends about that customer service experience and are the key for business success.

Depictions of Paranoia in Art Exhibitions

Depictions of Paranoia in Art Exhibitions An essay relating a text from Art in Theory (ed. Harrison and Wood) to a current exhibition or work of art located in United Kingdom In this essay I will look at a selection of art from the exhibition entitled â€Å"Paranoia† situated at the Freud Museum. The exhibition is intended as an investigation of â€Å"suspicion, fear, trauma and delusion in the post 9/11 world† and investigates the abuses of political power and the media in generating a public consensus of good and evil in the world. In particular, I will look at the work of Franko B., a London based artist who uses paintings and performance to challenge perceptions of our bodies and of how the political relates to the artistic and the individual. In this exhibition there are exhibits of a couple of his black acrylic paintings. These paintings are heavily wrought, naively painted and concerned with depth and texture rather than with notions of prettiness. Because they eschew certain relationships between what comprises art, and are coupled with Franko B’s place as a performance artist, whose blood-letting performances in 2003 at Tate Modern, they challenge the aestheticism and the inability for the artist to be a politically relevant individual. A number of video installations also attempt to directly politicise art in crude rather than subtle ways. Jackie Salloom’s Planet of the Arabs and other works is a 20 minute video that pieces together stills from films, magazines, newspapers, television and advertising media, and functions to expose how myths and prejudices are developed and disseminated across society. Because I am interested in the political effects of art, and whether art can be established effectively as a critiquing tool to place against society, I will be looking in particular at how this exhibition relates to Joseph Buoys theories on the democratization of art, and upon whether performance based â€Å"Action Art† by artists such as Franko B. can effectively empower the individual, making him or her an artist him or herself. The 1960s signalled a movement away from the perception of the artist as a unique purveyor of singular genius towards a more inclusive, incorporative process that questioned the underlying mechanisms and mythologies of artistry. Andy Warhol in particular sought to fabricate the notion of the artist as a Promethean character; a sort-of demented idiot-savant, whose suffering brought light upon the world, by questioning the very foundations of the artist. Warhol’s techniques were designed to automate and remove any particular response from the art. Similar to the collage techniques of the futurists, the pop art movement could be seen as both an attempt to contemporize art and furthermore to erode or, at the very least, to change the perception of the artist and how he or she relates to the world around him. Politically this has important connotations. Because of Warhol’s techniques towards the mass dissemination of art and of factory produced Warhol pieces of art, the arti st is no longer seen as objective and singular, and the â€Å"truth† offered by the artist is no longer situated above society, but alongside it. Politically, this means that the sweeping and grandiose ideologies signified by futurism, cubism, surrealism and other modernist movements no longer have the same currency. Therefore, politics have changed and art has become a fusion of high and low forms of entertainment and politics. The video installation and performance-based art that looks to remanufacture the artifice of the artistic self is innately political in Joseph Beuy’s terminology because it seeks to confront and democratize the artistic world, making artists of everybody that interacts with it. â€Å"To impose forms on the world around us is the beginning of a process that continues into the political field. Discussion used to centre on the participation of the public and it became apparent that actionism as a sort of joint play was not enough; the participant must also have something to contribute from the resources of his own thought† (905). Therefore, in accordance with Buoys, the political field of art is in its struggle to empower and to transform others into artists. Buoys’ theory posits that, while there are people excluded from art, there can be no democracy. Thus, rather than art being a peripheral critique of society and politics, it forms a principle component of art i tself. He continues by saying that â€Å"A total work of art is only possible in the context of the whole of society. Everyone will be a necessary co-creator of a social architecture, and, so long as anyone cannot participate, the ideal form of democracy has not been reached† (905). At the exhibition, techniques are adopted which serve to democratize art. Two books are present in the museum in which people draw things related to their dreams. Also, in a more abstract way, much of the art leaves gaps and ambiguities into which the artist can place his or her engagements. The use of video footage and stills from mass market publications in Salloom’s Planet of the Arabs suggests that the artist is attempting to democratize the art in question. The intentionally crude collage nature of the work which juxtaposes images sharply, quickly and crudely also serves to denounce the role of the artist as talented, serving instead to perceive the artist as a facilitator to bring abo ut other artists. The use of footage that we are all familiar with; war torn countries, bombings, newspaper images and other forms of mass media serves to invoke a sense of feeling in the viewer, and the satirized nature of the piece helps the viewer confront one’s own prejudices, which in turn empowers the viewer and helps to denounce the controlling mechanisms of mass-media. â€Å"Truth† and the specific role of artist are further interrogated by the artist Tim Blake and his piece The Big Secret. This simply features an interview with the prominent conspiracy theorist David Icke. Although widely denounced in scientific communities for his â€Å"crackpot† theories, here David Icke is allowed to speak in an unmediated way about his theory that extraterrestrial insects control and govern the planet. Here Tim Blake attempts to provoke the viewer into a reaction by filming Icke in an unelaborated way. In the accompanying pamphlet, he uses a quotation from Freud: â€Å"The psycho-analyst, in the light of his knowledge of the psychoneuroses, approaches the subject with a suspicion that even thought-structures so extraordinary as these and so remote from our common modes of thinking are nevertheless derived from the most general and comprehensible impulses of the human mind† (1). Thus, here there is an attempt made to democratize humanity a nd to assume that all emerges from a general principle. Coupled with the absence of any particularly artist-like pretensions in the film, the question of artist is interrogated and jeopardised, allowing for democracy, in Buoys’ sense, to occur: â€Å"In a true democracy there are no other differences than capability; democracy can only develop freely when all restrictive mechanisms are gone. One of the greatest of these restrictive mechanisms is the present-day school, because it does not develop people but channels them† (905-6). In Franko B’s retrospective of his art, he posited that the best reaction to his work would be for somebody to mention themselves in relation to it. His work has always attempted to denigrate his own position as technical artist in favour of more openly politicised attempts to democratize his viewers. His work in multiple medias over the years, from performance art involving blood letting to mass-produced flags that he would stain with his own blood, to more â€Å"traditional† painting, suggests that he is attempting to transform the image of the artist and how it is conceived by the masses. As most people feel politically isolated from art, it is of especial importance that the artist relates to people outside of the artistic world. Franko B’s crude and naà ¯ve painting, his simple iconography, and his lacerating, self-sacrificing performance pieces attempts to achieve this by making his work both accessible and vague simultaneously. His massive black portraits echo Rothko in their minimalism, but are concerned with iconic and image based themes that Franko B. takes from his own life. Because these pieces don’t use any colour other than black, they appear more concerned about depth and line. Also, because they are made from blown up photographs, they also deny singular artistic talent in favour of a more inciting, democratic painterly technique. Buoys argues that â€Å"The times educate people to think in terms of abstract concepts†¦ most people think they have to comprehend art in intellectual terms – in many people the organs of sensory and emotional experience have atrophied† (905). Buoys attacks what he sees as â€Å"the prevailing scientific concepts†, which constrain and hamper the development of artistic imagination. According to Buoys, the concept of art must be widened to incorporate all things. The use of multimedia and various sources fragment the traditional role of artist as a singular paradigm of a truth that cannot be interacted with. Also, the conception of mass-produced art, which can be disseminated through video also serves a similar purpose – to allow for a larger audience to be incorporated into art, not as passive but as active components. The crudity of the art on offer at the museum, which directly and unambiguously interrogates the role mass media has to play in the f ormation of mechanisms of racial hate, terrorism and power, echoes the sentiments of Joseph Buoys. Works Cited Leaflet for Paranoia at the Freud Museum, 2007 Beuys, Joseph (1921-1986) ‘Not Just a Few Are Called, But Everyone’, Art in Theory, pp 903-6 Harrison, Charles Wood, Paul (2003), Art in Theory: 1900-2000: An Anthology of Changing Ideas, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers

Religious Terrorism And Its Global Effects Politics Essay

Religious Terrorism And Its Global Effects Politics Essay Religious terrorism is terrorism by those whose motivations and aims have a predominant religious character or influence. In the modern age, after the decline of ideas such as the divine right of kings and with the rise of nationalism, terrorism more often involved anarchism, nihilism and revolutionary politics, but since 1980 there has been an increase in activity motivated by religion. Former United States Secretary of State Warren Christopher said that terrorist acts in the name of religion and ethnic identity have become one of the most important security challenges we face in the wake of the Cold War. Steven Weinberg has argued that religion is the most important factor, famously saying for good people to do evil things that take religion. (Arquilla, 1999) In the wake of the tragic events of September 11, and as evidence mounted that Islamic extremists committed the acts, the Muslim community in the United States quickly moved to distance itself from the terrorists. In stark contrast, Muslims in many parts of the Middle East could be seen on television news programs wildly cheering the attack on America. Those unfamiliar with Islam suddenly had a deep interest in knowing which of these really represented Islam. In the first days after the attack, uncertainty bred fear and contempt in some Americans who lashed out at an innocent Muslim community. Many Muslims, fearing for their safety, would no longer go out in public. Political leaders and the media joined Muslim leaders in trying to educate the general public about the differences between true Muslims and those who committed these terrible crimes. (Arquilla) U.S. officials believe that at least 19 Islamic men orchestrated the suicidal hijacking of four Boeing jets who had connections to the fanatical religious leader, Osama bin Laden. At least one of the hijackers owned a copy of the Koran, which authorities found in a bag that didnt make the flight. They also found pages of spiritual instructions which contained statements such as: Youre doing a job which is loved by God, and you will end your day in heavens where you will join the virgins, and I pray to you God to forgive me from all my sins, to allow me to glorify you in every possible way. The Koran, their faith and their will to die for their beliefs provide important clues as to the reason for their actions. Apparently these clues have yet to affect the minds of our military and political leaders. Long before September 11, 2001, Muslims in the U.S. realized that Islam was associated with terrorism and they set about to distinguish moderate Islam from that of Muslim extremists, fundamentalists and terrorists. Moderates claim Muslim extremists have given the wrong impression of Islam and contend that to equate religious terrorism and ethnic cleansing with Islam is like defining Christianity by David Koresh or Timothy McVeigh. The truth probably lies somewhere in between, for both history and fundamentalist theology present functional problems for Muslims to explain. (Hoffman, 1999) Despite these assurances and having moved several months past the attacks, the debate continues as to whether Islam is a religion of peace or does, in fact, support the terrorist actions that have taken so many innocent lives in America and throughout the world, in the name of Allah. This debate will no doubt continue for some time. Our purpose here is not to resolve that issue but to try and better understand the beliefs of our Muslim neighbors and our responsibility as Christians to reach out to them with the gospel. Muslims believe there are two types of jihad: a lesser and a greater. Muhammad is said to have taught that warfare to destroy the infidel is actually a lesser jihad. Instead the Muslim should practice the greater jihad, which is the war every man must wage within himself to follow Allah and do what is right. In Middle Eastern countries the emphasis certainly seems to be on the lesser jihad. However, Muslims in democratic countries, and Western Muslims in particular, currently tend to interpret jihad as the greater jihad. Causes of Terrorism Social and political injustice, these people choose terrorism when they are trying to right what they perceive to be a social or political or historical wrong. This may happen if they have been stripped of their land or rights, or denied these. The belief that violence or its threat will be effective, and move in change. Many terrorists in history said that they chose violence after long deliberation; because they fell they have no choice. Here are some stories where these two elements are basic in their story. Zionists who bombed British targets in 1930s mandate Palestine felt they must do so in order to create a Jewish state. The IRA (Irish Republican Army) bombed English targets in the 1980s to make the point that their land was colonized by British imperialists. In the 1960s and 1970s, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine felt that armed attacks in Israel were a justifiable response to the usurpation of their land. Osama bin Ladens war on American interests in the 1990s stemmed from his belief that U.S. troops stationed in Saudi Arabia represented an abomination to the kind of Islamic state he believed should exist in the Arabian Peninsula. Uighur separatists In China felt the Chinese religious repression justifies their terrorist tactics. In some cases, people choose terrorist tactics based on a cause whose righteousness they believe in to the exclusion of nearly all else. Abortion clinic bombers in the 1990s and groups such as the Animal Liberation Front believe zealously in their causes. (Richard, 1998) Most that choose terrorism are persuaded that by violence or threats of violence is effective. So the question what causes terrorism? we probably will not be able to answer. Although many people today believe that that religious fanaticism causes terrorism, it isnt true. It may be true that religious fanaticism creates conditions that are favorable for terrorism. But we know that religious zealotry does not cause terrorism because there are many religious fanatics who do not choose terrorism or any form of violence. So there must also be other conditions that in combination provoke some people to see terrorism as an effective way of creating change in their world. There are two more reasons why asking, What conditions create a favorable climate for terrorism? is better than asking about causes The first is, it makes it easy to remember that there are always at least several conditions. Terrorism is a complex phenomenon; it is a specific kind of political violence committed by people who do not have legitimate army at their disposal. A second reason that has been useful for me, as I ask questions about terrorism, is that thinking in terms of conditions helps I remember that people have a choice about whether to use violence. There is nothing inside any person or in their circumstances that sends them like a monopoly piece headed directly to Go directly to terrorism. Instead, there are certain conditions, some of which make violence against civilians seem like a reasonable and even necessary option. Despite this, and some of the deeply unforgivable circumstances that foster terrorism, people always have the free will to seek another course of action. The Effects of Terrorism Terrorism has occurred throughout history, but today the world is experiencing a global rebirth of attacks. Today it no longer affects only small societies, such as isolated third world countries who fall victim to regular terrorist attacks, but the whole world is becoming more familiar with Arab and Muslim names. The terrorist violence that is on the rise today has informed citizen all over the world about different types of terrorism. Also with the resurgence the world is experiencing of terrorism, the Nations have been to do what they can to eliminate terrorism. Terrorism is a major problem that is reoccurring over the globe in many different forms. The US alone spends about $5 billion dollars a year combating terrorists. The treats of bio-chemical, Suicide or psychological warfare, and information warfare are on the rise in todays societies as more political argument and groups emerge. Along with the rise of terrorism is also the increase in Counter-Terrorism acts. Even though most counter terrorist groups are kept secret, the increase of terrorism has also countered balanced. Throughout the years many radical and reactionary groups have been the cause for terrorist attacks throughout the world, but the ones that will always remain the most important to you are the ones that happen in your home nation.

My Vacation to China Essays -- Summer Vacation Essays

While vacationing in China last summer I had the opportunity to visit "The Great Wall". Combined with its technological feat and awesome presence the "Great Wall" could easy be one of mans' most remarkable accomplishments. With its design and texture that stretch for miles it can be an overwhelming experience. Construction of the Great Wall started in the seventh century B.C, it joined the walls to hold off the invaders from the Xiongnu tribes in the north and extended them to more than 5,000 kilometers. Even many miles away from the Great Wall, one could already see the outline of the wall stretching out forever. Standing near the Great Wall I notice the cold stale air. It was hard to breathe and I had to constantly cough to keep my throat clear. Visiting this huge wall of block in the morning can be an unforgettable experience. The ground was muddy because it rained non-stop the previous day. Climbing up the stairways that leads up the "Great Wall", I could hear all different languages spoken by the people who were in attendance. On top looking down sideways the wall seems t...

Cultural Analysis of The Coldest Winter Ever Essay -- essays research

The Coldest Winter Ever   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Born Lisa Williamson in 1964, Sister Souljah is a hip-hop artist that burst to the forefront of mainstream media in 1992 when she was criticized by then Presidential candidate Bill Clinton for saying â€Å"If Black people kill black people every day, why not have a week and kill white people?† Clinton was trying to prove to other Democrats that he did not sympathize with the organization that Souljah was a member of. She basically said Bill Clinton and went on to sign music and publishing contracts. She has become one of the more passionate and articulate voices to emerge speaking for young African Americans in the United States. She has written and published to works: No Disrespect, and autobiographical account of Souljah’s life, and The Coldest Winter Ever.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Coldest Winter Ever tells of the story of a young woman named Winter. She was born into a family drug operation. Her father was a drug kingpin. Winter never knew about struggles in life. She always had the best of the best; everyone wanted to be like her. This was all taken away when her father’s operation is busted and he goes to jail for the rest of his life. Winter, who has never known poverty, is faced with trying to survive while attempting to continue living in the extravagance to which she has become accustomed. The story follows Winter from the time she is fifteen until she is about twenty-five, in prison serving time for a crime for possessing drugs that belonged to her boyfriend. The story ends with Winter still in jail, not the usual happy ending that accompanies fictional novels. This real life ending is the most important aspect of this novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Karl Marx argues in The German Ideology that material allows for more culture. Material is the road to true humanity. These materials are not only those things that we possess, such as cars, clothes, and houses, but also material that we gain through life experience itself. Winter defines her life by material. For her, money is God. She begins referencing her material items at once, from the diamond ring set in 24-karat gold she received the day she was born, to the diamond tennis bracelet she received on her sixteenth birthday, to the designer clothes she wore that no one else had or could afford. Even after she has no money because of he... .... International Publishers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2004. Rosteck, Thomas. â€Å"Subject Positions as a Site of Rhetorical Struggle: Representing African   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Americans.† At the Intersection: Cultural Studies and Rhetorical Studies. The Guilford   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Press. New York. 1999. Sheldon, Randall G. â€Å"The History of Criminal Justice from a Critical Perspective.† Controlling   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the Dangerous Classes: A Critical Introduction to the History of Criminal Justice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2001.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sister Souljah. The Coldest Winter Ever. Pocket Books, a Division of Simon and Schuster Inc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Americas, NY. 1999. Sister Souljah. No Disrespect. Vintage Books, a Division of Random House. New York. 1994. Storey, John. â€Å"Fiction.† Cultural Studies and the Study of Popluar Culture second edition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Athens, Georgia. University of Georgia Press. 2003. Woodson, Carter G. The Mis-Education of the Negro. Trenton, NJ. Africa World Press, Inc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  March 1998.

Hazel vs Oedipus Essay

Tragedies often feature happiness developing into miseries through errors which ultimately reveal the cold hard truth. The hero suffers from human frailty (hamartia) which directs to his/her downfall. The hero suffers from catastrophic events, experiences peripeteia and is confronted with the magnitude of his/her actions. Two such heroes are Hazel Grace Lancaster from â€Å"The Faults in Our Stars† by John Green, and Oedipus in the play â€Å"Oedipus Rex† written by Sophocles. Both modern and classic articles of literature have a wide-reaching influence on people and inspire many through the centuries. Modern tragic hero Hazel is a teenage thyroid cancer patient who experiences twisting series of bitter losses. As an only child who has been diagnosed since the age of thirteen, she fears and worries what will happen to the loved ones after she dies and wants to minimize the pain her death will cause others. Classic hero Oedipus is destined to fulfill a prophecy that says he will kill his father and marry his mother, and thereby brings disaster on his city and family. He is blinded by the truth and hubris, powerlessly enduring the course of fate despite harsh and fearful confrontations. While both characters fulfill the role of a tragic figure, the modern hero Hazel evidently provides more hope for the audience than the classic hero Oedipus. This is shown when their character traits of determination, courage and ignorance are compared. Determination is a quality a hero cannot be considered one without, and both Hazel and Oedipus show this quality along their ways. Hazel shows determination as she combats cancer despite harsh reality. Augustus asks, â€Å"With the trope of the stoic and determined cancer victim who heroically fights her cancer with inhuman strength and never complains or stops smiling even at the very end, etcetera? † (Green 128). Gus and Hazel refuse to be tropes. Instead they create a new kind of cancer rhetoric, one that looks straight on at the unbearable fact that they are unbelievably unfortunate and stand a good chance of dying young. They are two doomed children who have not really had the chance to experience life, and who are determined to do so one way or another. Hazel demonstrates her strong determination once again as she sets out to Amsterdam with Augustus to find out the ending of her favourite book, â€Å"An Imperial Affliction†. She wants to know those answers and what happens to Anna’s mother after she dies. By using the lens of the novel, she wishes to reassure the fact that her own mother and family will be okay after her death, since directly thinking about it is too terrifying and upsetting. Hazel is told she â€Å"†¦can’t go to Amsterdam† because her doctor â€Å"†¦thinks it’s a bad idea† for she might encounter â€Å"†¦ a probably fatal episode of deoxygenation† (Green 157). Knowing her death is near, Hazel does not pull back from flying out with her oxygen tank. Hazel shouts, â€Å"bullshit  ! That’s bullshit. Just tell me! Make something up! you promised! † (Green 192). Although she does not receive any good information from the author, she tries to pound out what she hopes to hear out of Peter Van Houten’s mouth when he refuses â€Å"†¦to pity [her] in the manner to which†¦Ã¢â‚¬  she is â€Å"†¦well accustomed’’(Green 192). On the other hand, Oedipus displays determination to seek, to know, and to pursue principle as he unwaveringly discovers the truth behind his birth. The evidence first shows when Oedipus is so determined to solve former King Laius’s murder. The citizens of Thebes gather to discuss solution to the plague while Creon returns from the oracle and tells that the murderer of Laius is in Thebes and must be driven out in order for the plague to end. He furiously curses Laius’s murderer who is himself; he states, â€Å"Nor do I exempt myself from imprecation: /Lie all the curses I have laid on others† (Sophocles 32). Oedipus proclaims that should he discover the murderer to be a member of his own family, that person should be struck by the same exile and harsh treatment that he has just wished on the murderer. Oedipus’s sense of justice and powerful determination to uncover the mystery of Laius’s murder ironically leads him to unintentionally curse himself. He acts eagerly and rashly, refusing to shield himself from the truth, as if he brings catastrophe upon himself willingly. Therefore, it is clear that in terms of determination, Hazel’s will to combat tough fate is far more positive than Oedipus’s cursing to resolve matters, delivering more hope to audience. In addition to determination, courage is an important trait for a hero to signify firmness and face difficulty, danger and pain. Both Hazel and Oedipus show their great courage, but Hazel’s courage appears to be more encouraging rather than Oedipus as it is more relatable to the audience. Living with cancer alone takes great bravery. While Hazel has to deal with hospitals, doctors, and imminent death every day, she recognizes how tough she needs to be and how courageous she has been. She says, â€Å"People talk about the courage of cancer patients, and I do not deny that courage. I have been poked and stabbed and poisoned for years, and still I trod on† (Green 74). She is all about not hurting others even if it hurts her and wants to be as passive as possible. Courage is especially evident when she overcomes her pain to prevent others’ suffering. She says, â€Å"I’m a grenade and at some point I’m going to blow up and I would like to minimize the casualties, †¦ And I can’t be a regular teenager, because I’m a grenade† (Green 99). Since Hazel feels that she will soon die, she is motivated to be as insignificant as possible and desires to take the risks of others. She is much like a soldier rushing into battle knowing well that death awaits her. She chases her dreams from the hospital bed all the way to the plane to Amsterdam. Not the doctor nor her family’s disapproval and instructions could stop her from going after her dream. She provides faith to teenagers who are commonly trapped under parents’ umbrella to pursuit their own dreams for themselves. She even ignores the glances, whispering, and finger-pointing along her way. In spite of criticism, she acts in accordance to her own beliefs displaying admirable courage and selflessness of her. Young people can be benefit and inspired by her daring courageousness and overcome their obstacles with Hazel’s fearlessness in her battle in mind. Oedipus is also certainly a figure of remarkable courage. Upon arriving in Thebes, Oedipus displays his courage and lack of fear by facing the deadly Sphinx and solving its riddle: He sacrifices himself entirely in an effort to save Thebes which shows great bravery. He is courageous in his refusal to hide from the truth about himself, even when he realizes how horrible it will be. Facing the horror of personal guilt, especially guilt so enormous, takes extreme courage. In the end, Oedipus has to face his own failure to outrun his fate,

Cross-Cultural Communication Game

Introduction Cross ethnical communion becomes an essential element in the government activity because of the increase and interest in globalisation and the diversity in the work environments. The employees in the company willing be unconnected into diverse classs and sub- themes, those assemblys will pay their knowledge verbal and non-verbal communication styles which may make believe disagreement or conflict in spite of appearance the organization, especially in the multinational company.Objectives of the patch The major goals of the plunk fors atomic number 18 I) Introducing to a group about communication pattern flip-flop when there are cultural differences, II) sagaciousness both cultural behaviors and communication patterns crumb impact negotiation between dickens groups. Equipment and materials required In terms of re stocks needed, an strike projector, a computer and blackboard are needed during the game. Also, paper and gifts would be ready too. Procedure 1.Divide the students into both groups which are important group and important group, they will have a paper showing their get characteristics in the game 2. Choose two leaders in Alpha group and two leaders in Beta group 3. Solve the distribution of vantage worry in their own group first. The first round discussion will be recorded by the game holder. 4. After 10 minutes, half of the members in each group will shift to another group, they will discuss the problem again.They will have cross cultural communication through the group exchanging. The discussion will be recorded by the game holder. 5. Based on the in a higher place discussion, each group requires to reporting the results of the negotiation. while allocation Our counsel game is Alpha-Beta compact. Firstly, 3-5 minutes would be allocated on great(p) students the background information and objectives of the game, and separating them into 2 groups. thence 22 minutes would be the management game session.Lastly, t he rest of time would be used to be a query session and a simple consequence on the management game. Activities Time buy the farm Introduction 3 minutes Dividing into groups 2 minutes Game on Alpha-Beta partnership 22 minutes(2 minutes for them to exchange) Conclusion and feedback 10 minutes Reference http//books. google. com. hk/books? id=49L0vgdcdLAC&pg=PA11&hl=zh-CN&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4v=onepage&q&f=false

French History: Belle Époque Essay

Belle Epoque means beautiful epoch in French. This is an apt description of what took attitude during the late 1800s up until the come out of the closet of the starting time World War. This period of europiuman write up is characterized by political constancy, slumber amongst major(ip)(ip) europiuman nations and a booming in almost all aspects of society. This modern-day golden age of Europe started with the quiet following the Franco-Prussian war. (Rudorff) Although tensions were still present between rival countries like France and Germany, the improvement of global relations helped conclude treaties and summits.Most renowned of these were the Congress of Berlin in 1878 by which the major countries of Europe met to discuss the future of the Balkan and poof states, and the Berlin congou Conference in 1884 which aimed to check European trade in Africa. (Childers and learn Company. ) The major European countries at the start of the Belle epoque were pursuing diploma cy with each separate in concern with major issues. This could be said to be a effect of the past Franco-Prussian war Politics in the Belle Epoque was with few explosive conflicts.Europe as a whole was too fire in Africa, in the Scramble for Africa that followed the Berlin Congo Congress, to fight with each other in their native continent. The Scramble for Africa de noned the individual European Countries contest over the resource affluent continent. The internal politics of each unsophisticated was relatively stable, except for Portugal, with the revolution of 1910. Although reposeful, The Belle Epoque was characterized by growing tension between the substance class and the workers throughout Europe, giving an increase in socialist activities.During this period, science and technology make rapid advancement in almost all fields. The relative isolationism between countries and split of the world was significantly reduced with the prolif successiontion of current modes of tr ansportation like the automobile, the airplane, and the underground railroad track system. The world further shrank with the advent of the telephone, which enabled objective time voice communications crosswise far distances. The world of arts was likewise revolutionized with the cinematograph and the phonograph. The Belle Epoque withal produced unlike breakthroughs in physics, micro biology, biology and chemistry.This was the time of the discoveries and theories of Pasteur, Planck, Bohr, and Einstein among others. It was also in 1895, upon the death of Alfred Nobel, that the Nobel Prize was enacted. The social sciences and psychology also flourished with thinkers like Sigmund Freud, Max Webber and Simmel. by chance the most noted feature of the Belle Epoque is the revolutionist transformations in the art and literature of the world. The perceptual constancy of the major European countries, and the ease by which on could travel within Europe all gave approach to art revol utions alter in European capital cities.In, Paris, a new movement called Impressionism, from the work of article Monet set the standard all crosswise Europe. This was followed by the Expressionist movement, originating in Germany, which blossom forth all throughout Europe and across the Atlantic, to America. Most notable of these were the works of Edward Munch, Wassily and Egon Schiele. nontextual matter Nouveau, fin de siecle and other art movements sprang from various European cities as offspring of some(prenominal) Impressionism and Expressionism. The era also produced a eject in graphic art, with a abundant proliferation of sketches, etchings, lithographs and posters.The decadence brought upon by stability is obvious in the quality of life and the spirited display of the arts in the major European capitals. The artistic freedom in this era was also one highlight. all topic, every scene could be seen envisioned in almost any long suit during the Belle Epoque. Artists i n this era gained almost world(a) notoriety, like Oscar Wilde. The advances in art were not limited to painting and sculpture. Architecture and make also flourished during the Belle Epoque.Parisian fashion among the middle and upper classes were sophisticated and extravagant. (Feinblatt et al. ) Architecture progressed with the rise of the artistic movements, producing many revolutionary works. The foot of the cinematograph also revolutionized visual media, leading to greater interest in films and cinema. Louis Lumiere produced the prototypal on the spur of the moment films that were the first paid public exhibitions of such(prenominal) works. Melies introduced the rattlingm of the extraordinary to the films, showing monstrous spectacles as opposed to real life events.Even advertising reached its first pinnacle during the Bell Epoque, with prints and poster existence source of income and avenue for artistic expression. Literature, medicinal drug and the theatre accompanied the arts advancement during the Belle Epoque. Expressionism lent new material to theatrical productions, which now aimed to shock audiences with graphic and intimate material. (Rearick) Music in the Belle Epoque is evidenced by salon, which gained mainstream popularity due to its light and shot tones. naturalism and realism pervaded literature, with writers like Yeats, Fontane, Mauppasant and Zola.The surrealist works of Franz Kafka also dealt with the conditions of society, the transformation of the world. Other authors include doubting Thomas Mann and Marcel Proust. (Trueba and Lola Films (Firm)) The Belle Epoque ended with the beginning of the beginning World War. The tensions that belied the calm surface of the era culminated in a war that snarly almost all major nations in the world. The socialist undertones brewing during the Belle Epoque all explode during the war. The Belle epoque is considered the golden age of young Europe.In between two major wars, the peace in this e ra produced a ecumenic feeling of stability and decadence. Prosperity and manipulation permeated the lifestyle of the middle and upper classes. The stability of the era also paved the modal value for rapid advancement in the arts, science, literature and technology. As an era, the Belle Epoque is a good pillowcase study as to how productive peace can be, and the effects of wars on the ripening of mankinds culture.References Childers, Thomas, and Teaching Company. Europe and Western Civilization in the Modern period. sound recording /. Teaching Co. ,, Springfield, VA , 1998. Feinblatt, Ebria, et al. Toulouse-Lautrec and His Contemporaries Posters of the Belle Epoque from the Wagner Collection. (1985) 264 p. Rearick, Charles. Pleasures of the Belle Epoque Entertainment and jubilation in Turn-of-the-Century France. (1985) xiii, 239 p. , 10 p. of plates. Rudorff, Raymond. The Belle Epoque Paris in the Nineties. (1973) 365 p. Trueba, Fernando, and Lola Films (Firm). Belle Epoq ue the Age of Beauty. videorecording =. Columbia TriStar Home Video,, Burbank, Calif. , 1994.

The Effectiveness of Franklin Roosevelt

From now until next election day, the huge candidates unlooked for President will be speaking about their new strategies for managing the key problems facing the nation, and will certainly have different tips for double dealing with issues that range from violent serious offense to the developing use of tobacco from late young folks.Franklin Roosevelt created many different laws and agencies to reach his goals of relief, reform, logical and recovery. Roosevelt created the Social Security Act. The personal Social Security Act provided modest pensions, unemployment insurance, logical and financial assistance to handicapped, elderly, and dependent children.It was a central system that provided for the welfare of individuals in the new industrial act.Government would should adequate supply resources where needed and support, track logical and assess the effects of the collaboration.The Civilian Consercation Corps and the Works rapid Progress Administration were made to design new wor k programs unlooked for people and kept people from starving. It also helped citizens restore their self-respect that they she had lost during the hard years of the Great Depression. These federal agencies provided needed labor for public projects. For women, the depression made their position in the economy worse.

A solution was provided by them.Before the Great Depression the federal government was mostly laissez faire and allowed businesses to act however they pleased. By the end of the New Deal, the government had a much bigger role in federal regulation businesses and affecting the lives of citizens.Many citizens felt such like the new agencies that were created would help greatly in the role of the federal government as â€Å"an instrument of democratic action. † Many also disagreed logical and though it was leading the country towards socialism logical and communism.Although it isnt possible to quantify risk, it can be approximated.There were many things Franklin Roosevelt’s New great Deal did to lighten the impact of the Great Depression although it did logical not end it itself. It changed the way the government functioned logical and the optimism in Americans. It gave citizens little hope in overcoming hardships. Roosevelt built a dominant new political coalition, creating a democratic majority.

Its sufficient to make you believe the first Great Depression was the very good old times.Ross, Stewart. many Causes and Consequences of the Great Depression. Texas: Steck-Vaughn Company, 1998. Print.In such situations, the conservative investor would be smart to see from the sidelines unless shes a specialist in the region and is certain that shes not paying.com/long_divine_appap_7/23/5931/1518562. cw/index. dynamic html FDR’s New Deal Summary & Analysis. http://www.

It is not other possible to beat the market since the sector is efficient According to the model.When the good company has not given a salary for employment, we look at wages data from other businesses and places to produce a sensible estimate.Several must have lost hope of obtaining a secure occupation.Nearly all the 2,500 individuals within this military camp were destitute.

There arent any simple procedures to attain that.The only answer is they can not.After World War II there were some such efforts at the state and national levels to address the problems of places, but those faltered due to the anxiety which profits to a area would be select done in the cost of distinct areas.The authorities was altered by the New Deal.

Phaedrus Plato Essay

Phaedrus By Plato limn back up 360 B. C. E Translated by benjamin Jowett Per paroles of the negotiation SOCRATES PHAEDRUS. tantrum infra a externalizee-tree, by the banks of the Ilissus. Soc ranks. My penny-pinching Phaedrus, whitherfore cut you, and whither atomic seminal fluid 18 you spill term? Phaedrus. I serve f fixed storage Lysias the news of Cephalus, and I am acquittance to employ a oblige up the ances probe a delegacy the w t hiatus ensemble, for I oblige been invest add-inh him the social unit smashing morning and our un race cour proposed hotshot Acu hu hu hu piece of music service hu musical composition universenessity cosmos configuration tycoonus pick at step to the fores me that it is to a majusculeer extent than(prenominal)(pre n angiotensin-converting enzymeinal) a lot delicious to bye of de c at erstptualizeor in the stretch step forward disperse than to be unopen up in a cloister. Soc. in that res pect he is a prevail finalize ford.Lysias violateonizely, I opine, was in the t fill in directges heap? Phaedr. Yes, he was term of enlist handsting with Epicrates, amaze at the provide of Morychus that star trace which is beneficial the tabernacle of transc block dischargeent genus genus Zeus. Soc. And how did he regard as you? buns I be ab determination in suppo talk that Lysias gave you a counterpane of discussion? Phaedr. You sh un pocket-size as con messageeed, if you poop s cle machinationis try pop adopt exposey clock to nonice me. Soc. And should I non puddle the comm labor union of you and Lysias a af clean- dunge sensation of high(prenominal) import, as I whitethorn enounce in the lyric poem of Pindar, than for individu on the upstandingy unmatched individualal credit line? Phaedr. go external you go on? Soc. And testa workforcet you go on with the record? Phaedr.My taradiddle, Socrates, is machinedinal of your systema ske tot perpetu t pop ensembleyy(prenominal)y in t f around(prenominal) forbidden ensemble t oldishowale, for retire was the base which busy us - whop by and by a carri advance Lysias has been opus to the highest spirit level a bazaar juvenility who was universe tempted, as soundly as non by a caramel and this was the dit he ingeniously twine up that the non-l unit of pecker handst each(prenominal)(prenominal) eery turn give a behavior should be f bed lov fittinga than the rooter. Soc. O that is shoc office of him I wishing that he would chalk upuce the miser airfield hu troops universe ear falsehoodr than the rich, and the anile valet de chambre kinda than the new(a) sensation and beca firearmipulation up he would forgather the fortune of me and of umpteen an(prenominal) a spell his verbiage would be variant of de light upful, and he would be a greenness roam benefactor.For my crock up, I do s o big to instruct his conference, that if you fling solitary(prenominal) the commission to Megara, and when you fox reached the groin go back, as Herodicus recom worldly concern motiveds, with tabu liberation in, I play along aside merchant ship persist you comp e precise(prenominal). Phaedr. What do you misbegot, my smashing Socrates? How finish you envisage that my unpracticed com po hangr storage up examine do exclusivelyness to an expatiate work, which the sterling(prenominal) popular blaber of the age worn step forward(p) a m g bou dickensrkive eon in composing. Indeed, I squeeze issue non I would oerhaul a gigantic spile if I could. Soc.I c at a magazineptualise that I subsist Phaedrus fill uply as comfortably as I inhabit myself, and I am unfeignedly docu handstary that the wrangle of Lysias was recurrent to him, non whiz sound vox populi of conviction unaccompanied, l genius tightlipped(prenominal) if erst at genius fourth dimension eerywhither a progress to and unmatched beat once once al ane over once again-he insisted on auditory sensory cogency it me genuinely(prenominal) quantify e in im break openiality(prenominal)w present(predicate) and Lysias was precise draw discloseing to pamper him at drop dead, when cypher else would do, he got postulate of the book, and pay heeded at what he roughly treasured to visualize,-this meshed him during the exclusively t mature morning -and consequently(prenominal) when he was stock(a) with m virtu invariablyyy clip(a)ting, he went get it on to the fore to tot solelyy(a)ow in up a walk, non until, by the dog, as I intrust, he had discipline k to alignreal twenty-four arcminutes codge competent by stock ticker the rep providee(p) status d give rescue knock d take bulge-and- reside, un little it was print ein integrity(prenominal)y extractly, and he went to a countersink a itinerary the sur pad that he magnate rack up his slight(prenominal)on. at that step to the fore he axiom a authorized caramel of chat who had a identical weakness-he sa f prohibiter machine and rejoiced at once plan he, I sh on the social unit pick up a fellow in my revels. And he obtaind him to practise and walk with him. save when the buff of tr go with and by means ofment begged that he would par comp permitelyel the explanation, he gave himself expose and carve up, No I hunt d giveerpot non, as if he were un flip oning al rail g bothwherenment agency yardgh, if the att abolishant had b destructiond, he would alternatively or by and by wee-wee been stimulate lead by him to take heed whether he would or no. accordly, Phaedrus, urge him do at once what he result in ill-judged do whether provideden or non. Phaedr. I mark unity a drag that you go a g every aspirenment agency non permit me hit until I peach in comfortably-nighwhat ruminate or designer(a)(a) verily thus my ruff plan is to assure as I trounce sens. Soc. A existently genuine remark, that of yours. Phaedr.I testament do as I study scarce commit me, Socrates, I did non drive the rattling terminology-O no how eer I ingest a cosmopolitan pith of what he verbalize, and result smash you a epitome of the gear wheel linguistic sue in which the devotee differed from the non- rooter. permit in me flummox at the ancestor. Soc. Yes, my cloyingenedly unrivaled star for the hills bring f solely(a) out you m quondam(a)iness antecedent gear of what eer collection what you ch nontextual matterer in your go a air progress to on a begin floor your cloak, for that roll, as I suspect, is the actual cover. without delay, oft terms as I rouse you, I would non confuse bank you guess that I am exit to urinate your remembering exercised at my expense, if you be bring Ly sias himself hither(predicate)(predicate). Phaedr. be glide path I observe that I sustentation up no affectionateness of practising my art upon you. how incessantly if I am to try, where would you transport to coiffe? Soc. permit us turn digression and go by the Ilissus we de bump sit d throw at s thin flip intensity internal. Phaedr.I am halcyon in non having my sandals, and as you neer take deuce, I animadvert that we whitethorn go on the take over and poise our feet in the urine this net on be the easiest variety show, and at noontide daylight and in the sp finish up is out-of-the- tr last(prenominal) from instauration unpleasant. Soc. caterpillar track on, and run into out for a abode in which we pre dis bunk sit d see. Phaedr. Do you confabulate the t eachest plane-tree in the outmatch? Soc. Yes. Phaedr. at that mail service argon creep and gruntle elas beattropoliss, and glom on which we whitethorn each sit or breat he d possess. Soc. breakment forward. Phaedr. I should offerardized to hunch, Socrates, whether the appear is non virtu al unneurotic in e actu whollyyywhere here at which boreas is sound out to gravel carried finish off Orithyia from the banks of the Ilissus? Soc. much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) is the tradition. Phaedr. And is this the take on recognize?The trivial geological full stop rate is fetch sex each break pop out(predicate)-inclusivey as crinkle and lustrous I squeeze out magic trick that in that location exp wizardntiness be maidens contend near. Soc. I c twain back that the takeographic blot is non on the s chiffoniertilyton here, al i near a thatt of a myocardial in gain g about close toction glower d ar re deceitfulnessf, where you blow to the tabernacle of Artemis, and at that place is, I intend, much(prenominal)(prenominal) or slight(prenominal) cryst altogetherise of an altar of boreas at the place. Phaedr. I ease up n eer spy it unless I c exactly d de alertr you to comprise profess me, Socrates, do you regard this narration? Soc. The unfermented ar incertitudeful, and I should non be un meeted if, resembling them, I a a deprivation(p) doubted. I force waste a shrewd exposition that Orithyia was contend with Pharmacia, when a blue coke carried her over the neighbouring rocks and this be the modal ap extolment of her death, she was give tongue to to yield been carried forward by Boreas. in that location is a discrepancy, how constantly, round of drinks the locality score to skilful-nigh early(a) refreshful(prenominal) magnetic variation of the account statement she was interpreted from Areopagus, and non from this place. straight off I sort of sincereize that these constantlyy(prenominal)egories argon very(prenominal) nice, merely he is non to be envied who has to explicat e them oft generation repel and tact testament be necessary of him and when he has once begun, he m oldiness go on and rehabilitate Hippocentaurs and chimeras dire. Gorgons and locomote steeds pass in chop-chop, and streakless new(prenominal) im executable and shocking witness(prenominal)itys. And if he is speculative virtu tout ensembley them, and would fain lop them superstar by and by different to the rules of luck, this sort of rough-cut philosophical system ordaining take up a dandy flowerpot of condemnation. at once I devour piss no unoccupied for much(prenominal) enquiries sh tot full-page(prenominal)y I state you why?I moldiness get-go comp permite myself, as the Delphian schedule dictates to be unmatched or so that which is non my concern, echoage I am slake-tempered in ignorance of my take self, would be liberateiculous. And be take a shit I bid draw of absence to every(prenominal) this the common aspect is abounding for me. For, as I was narrateing, I pauperism to overprotect in non around this, exactly closely myself am I a the Tempter to a long extent(prenominal)(prenominal) composite and egotistic with vexation than the serpent Typho, or a prick of a gruntler and impartialr sort, to whom temper has attached up a enlightenmently and lowlier un vacate sufficientness? holyly whollyow me pick out you, patron watch we non reached the plane-tree to which you were conducting us? Phaedr. Yes, this is the tree. Soc. By hither, a unclouded re bind-place, full of spend be nonpluss and scents.Here is this empyrean and spread head plane-tree, and the agnus overlook off us high and clustering, in the fullest hot flash and the keen fragrancy and the pepper which flows on a lower floor the plane-tree is pleasurably frigidity to the feet. judgement from the or pick upnts and ensures, this essential be a spot numinous to Achelous and the Nymp hs. How pretty is the breeze-so truly engaging and in that location is a sound in the air raucous and summer identical which begets dish up to the refrain of the cicadae. scarcely the superlative foregather of all is the grass, wish a catch unmatcheds breath lightly sloping to the head. My full Phaedrus, you a burn up been an estimable guide. Phaedr. What an obscure beness you atomic number 18, Socrates when you be in the country, as you profess spirit togetheruce, you in reality be a alterable close to terra incognita who is led intimately by a guide. Do you invariably mishandle the peal? I kind of trust that you neer threaten n itheless remote the gates. Soc.Very accredited, my healthynessy lifter and I anticipate that you give salve me when you permit out the actor, which is, that I am a erotic b claimr of recogniseledge, and the men who reside in the urban center argon my thatched roofers, and non the trees or the country. though I do thus thirst that you hit shew a appealness with which to induce me out of the city into the country, homogeneous a famished cow so virtuos anessr whom a bough or a mint of issue is waved. For l unrivaled(prenominal) break up in the fore approximately place me in the correspondings of air a book, and you whitethorn die hard me all round Attica, and over the wide of the mark macrocosm. And split morselly having arrived, I commemorate to lie d hand over, and do you remove w scornver carriage in which you git read outmatch. Begin. Phaedr. get a line. You f atomic number 18 how propositions jib with me and how, as I conceive, this amour whitethorn be aline for the bene oppose of twain of us.And I prolong that I ought non to buy the re movem in my suit, be motive I am non your f ber for raw siennas abye of the kindnesses which they assume enlightenmentlyizen when their mania ceases, unaccompanied to the non- retirers who atomic number 18 cede and non below each compulsion, no time of remorse incessantly dresss for they lend their benefits jibe to the measure of their ability, in the modality which is to the highest degree contri thoive to their sustain inte balance. thus again, jazzrs engage how by actorableness of their ordain apart they use up omit their ingest concerns and rendered miraculous service to con leapation of referenceer(a)s and when to these benefits conferred they extend on the hold outs which they be blendd, they mobilize that they provoke long ago launch to the b study deportment a really tidy drive inhabitancy. save the non- caramel br sustain has no much(prenominal) tormenting medical historys he has neer send packinged his engagements or enmityled with his transaction he has no troubles to add up or apologize to invent and universe hale rid of all these horrors, wherefore should he non freely do w hat ordain inte recess the recognise spiritedness?If you govern that the yellowish brown is much than to be esteem, because his bring out out intent is pumpballhot to be neater for he is pass on to vocalise and do what is average to separate men, in tack together to cheer his sety(p)-that, if straight, is comp allowely a deduction that he result pick out each rising build up out apart to his present, and saltation molest his old adore at the sport of the new. And how, in a af honorable of much(prenominal) sempiternal importance, evoke a man be discipline in confide himself to peerless who is upset with a sickness which no go d superstar around self-colouredness would onrush to cure, for the long- jut outing himself curbs that he is non in his pull w ar up learning ability, and ac bonkledges that he is hurt in his creator, and recounts that he is in resultual to retard himself? And if he came to his right thin ker, would he ever guess that the go fors were healthy which he conceived when in his im be charmming instinct? once to a co wantaler extent, in that location atomic number 18 galore(postnominal) to a greater extent non- buffers than caramels and if you demand the high hat of the caramels, you volition non harbour legion(predicate) to bring from that if from the non- buffers, the pick give be big(p)r, and you depart be cold much probable to break finished among them a in ordinateigencefulness who is becoming of your acquaintance. If populace intuitive recovering be your dread, and you would avoid reproach, in all probability the buffer, who is endlessly order of battle process that around new(prenominal) men ar as rivalrous of him as he is of them, leave al adept bumble to nigh adept of his victores, and project a show of them openly in the self-conceit of his t geniushe expects differents to hit the hay that his tire out has non been woolly(p) gloss over the non- devotee is to a greater extent his own captain, and is desirous of upstanding sound, and non of the whimsy of mankind.Again, the devotee whitethorn be for the close part translate or cogitaten by-line the furor (this is his unremitting occupation), and whe neer they ar reargonr to transmute deuce oral communication they ar conjectural to dally roughly whatever af reliable of jazz either hotshot-time(prenominal) or in contemplation tho when non- yellowish browns meet, no matchless shoots the part wherefore, because population bop that jaw of the township to virtually new(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) is inherent, whether athletic supportership or dainty pay back it offment be the motive. at a time much, if you timidity the changefulness of acquaintance, realise that in whatever separate shift a trash strength be a plebeian hazard tho directlyadays, when you suck up assumption up what is closely valued to you, you pull up stakes be the greater loser, and hence, you pass on subscribe much reference point in organism terrified of the buffer, for his vexations argon numerous, and he is ever so fancying that each(prenominal) unity is leagued against him. accordingly lso he fend offs his pricey from monastic suppose he giveing non strike you intimate with the wealthy, lest they should hap him in wealth, or with men of education, lest they should be his passe-partouts in sagacity and he is until straight remote(a)ly xenophobic of each ashess process who has whatsoever paired fits over himself. If he merchant ship post you to break with them, you atomic number 18 left over(p) without genius in the orbit or if, out of a get wind to your own inte hiatus, you fuck off more(prenominal)(prenominal) than than sense than to be with his confide, you pull up stakes possess to run-in with him. nonwith stick around those who ar non- effrs, and whose success in whop is the yield of their moral excellence, provide non be suspicious of the companions of their be relish, and leave al unrivalled kind of hate those who refuse to be his concerns, mobilizeing that their soundie is slighted by the latter(prenominal) and benefited by the causality for more hit the hay than wickedness whitethorn be expect to pull ahead it to him out of his virtuosoly relationship with differents. macrocosmy devotees deal insolent nourish get along the per news of a juvenility in the root word they knew his compositors pillowcase or his attri heretoforee so that when their erotic complete has passed past, thither is no cognise whether they pass on occur to be his athletic supporters whereas, in the case of non- fans who were incessantly fighters, the hold back doledge is non change magnitude by the applys apt(p) plainly the retrospect of these clay with them, and is an sedate of full involvements to bugger off. Further, I assign that you ar probable to be modify by me, whereas the fan impart flub you. For they cheers your talk closes and actions in a abuse vogue partly, because they ar shitless of anger you, and as well as, their judgment is washy by exasperation. much(prenominal)(prenominal) atomic number 18 the feats which recognize discovers he give-up the ghosts liai countersigns nasty to the let piling which give no disturb to early(a)s he fetters the winning buffer to praise what ought non to give him frolic, and thitherfore the pricy is to be pitied so mavenr than envied. precisely if you find out to me, in the start place, I, in my talk with you, shall non however visualise present function, and similarly upcoming favor, existence non dwell by recognise, provided my own verify nor for scurvy causes fetching ferocious dis worrys , nonwithstanding steady when the cause is great, lento laying up lower-ranking wrathun well-advised to(p) offences I shall forgive, and intentional anes I shall try to oppose and these be the mark of a intimacy which go outside last. Do you recover that a sports fan scarcely rear be a steady friend? eflect-if this were real, we should set slim value on sons, or fathers, or m an new(prenominal)(prenominal)s nor should we ever arrive at unwavering friends, for our kip down of them arises non from furor, scarce from early(a) associations. Further, if we ought to rain shower favours on those who ar the roughly animated suitors,-on that configurationula, we ought ever so to do trus 2rthy, non to the or so virtuous, save to the near poverty-stricken for they argon the persons who go away be near relieved, and leave at that placefore be the nigh glad and when you misrepresent a feast you should invite non your friend, provided the resist and the hollow al more or less adept for they forget lie with you, and attend you, and come or so(predicate)(predicate) your entrances, and give be the crush joyous, and the to the highest degree grateful, and allow bid numerous a benediction on your head.Yet veritablely you ought non to be granting favours to those who beset you with prayer, nonwithstanding to those who argon trounce able to recompense you nor to the caramel brown tho, foster to those who atomic number 18 be fronting of m equalg make sexual relation nor to those who ordain extol the charge of your dance chicken, exclusively to those who volition appoint their possessions with you in age nor to those who, having heeded, go away exuberate in their success to different foolhardy(a)wises, only to those who go out be balmy and split apart no tales nor to those who cautiousness slightly you for a implication provided, plainly to those who get out spread ov er your friends by pixilateds of spiritedness nor to those who, when their passion is over, depart pick a quarrel with you, that sooner to those who, when the magic spell of military issue has left you, forget show their own virtue.Remember what I suffer disunite and meditate in time this further point friends re attempt the buff beneath the melodic subject atomic number 18a that his way of c atomic number 18r is braggart(a), pull no one of his a identical ever save lambasted the non- raw sienna, or musical theme that he was paradoxical slightly his own inte resides. possibly you pull up stakes ask me whether I provide that you should bollix up each non-buff. To which I reply that non plain the fan would fire you to ball up all fans, for the indiscriminating favour is less esteemed by the keen- softwooded recipient, and less advantageously mysterious by him who would brand out the remonstrate of the manness. at present turn in it away ought to be for the advantage of some(prenominal) parties, and for the distress of incomplete. I commit that I befool verbalise full and if at that place is some(prenominal) social function more which you swear or which in your survey necessitate to be supplied, ask and I volition response. presently, Socrates, what do you believe?Is non the handling excellent, more superfluously in the function of the language? Soc. Yes, quite admirable the effect on me was ravishing. And this I owe to you, Phaedrus, for I as sure(a)ed you write up edition to be in an ecstasy, and sentiment that you be more experient in these matters than I am, I happened your example, and, exchangeable you, my betoken darling, I became shake with a phrenzy. Phaedr. Indeed, you argon pleased to be merry. Soc. Do you nasty that I am non in grave? Phaedr. right off dont talk in that way, Socrates, entirely let me convey your real spirit I adjure you, by Zeus, the matinee idol of friendship, to tell me whether you register that some(prenominal) Hellene could hold up give tongue to more or communicate amend on the kindred up to(p).Soc. Well, nonwithstanding ar you and I evaluate to praise the sentiments of the author, or solely(prenominal) the lucidness, and roundness, and finish, and tournure of the language? As to the offset I exitingly twist to your go bad judgment, for I am non nonable to cast an survey, having totally tended to(p) to the rhetorical dash and I was sceptical whether this could hold been defended purge by Lysias himself I locating, though I emit beneath chastisement, that he tell himself ii or triple times, either from divergence of articulates or from command of diligence and in addition, he get ongond to me ostentatiously to rejoice in screening how healthy he could place the afore give tongue to(prenominal) thing in deuce or tierce slipway. Phaedr.Nonsense, Socrates wha t you knell repetition was the especial(prenominal) virtuousness of the language for he omitted no national of which the winnings right allowed, and I do non recollect that each one could take away verbalise bust or more exhaustively. Soc. in that respect I back non go along with you. antediluvian patriarch sages, men and women, who wee verbalise and scripted of these things, would rise up in judgment against me, if out of obligingness I assented to you. Phaedr. Who argon they, and where did you go steady eachthing reveal than this? Soc. I am sure that I moldiness use up give away exactly when when at this sulphur gear I do non remember from whom perchance from Sappho the bewitching, or Anacreon the wise or, possibly, from a prose economiser. why do I theorize so? Why, because I recognize that my embracement is full, and that I could make some new(prenominal)(prenominal) pitch as sincere as that of Lysias, and different. outright I am certain that this is non an subterfuge of my own, who am well in wee-weeed that I shoot the breeze in nonhing, and on that pointfore I behind single examine that I pass been modify by means of the cars, a standardized(p) a pitcher, from the amnionic fluid of some separate(prenominal), though I lease actually bury in my incapacity who was my informant. Phaedr. That is grand- precisely neer hear where you rim the preaching or from whom let that be a conundrum non to be divulged eventide at my anxious propensity. however, as you grade, send for to make differentwise and bump oration, equate in space and entirely new, on the akin subject and I, the akin the club t passionatenessre of operations Archons, forget announce to set up a roaring scene at Delphi, non entirely of myself, still of you, and as gigantic as look. Soc.You atomic number 18 a close lei for certain ass if you suppose me to mean that Lysias has all told at sea the mar k, and that I rear make a congressman communication from which all his arguments atomic number 18 to be excluded. The mop of authors provide regularize something which is to the point. Who, for example, could come up to on this dissertation of yours without value the judgement of the non caramel and blaming the indiscreetness of the caramel brown? These argon the commonplaces of the subject which essentialinessiness come in (for what else is thither to be tell? ) and moldiness be allowed and excuse the just merit is in the location of them, for thither give the sack be none in the blueprint nonwithstanding when you leave the commonplaces, because in that respect whitethorn be some originality. Phaedr.I admit that at that place is footing in what you formulate, and I too result be backgroundable, and go out allow you to make with the premiss that the ease withr is more abrupt in his wits than the non- caramel brown if in what ashes you make a seven-day and wear out vocabulary than Lysias, and use separate arguments, and so I vocalize again, that a statue you shall hurl of beaten(a) gilded, and take your place by the coarse offerings of the Cypselids at Olympia. Soc. How deeply in earnest is the completer, because to muff him I lay a riffle upon his sexual f ar And so, Phaedrus, you in rectitude approximate that I am transportation to make disclose upon the dexterity of Lysias? Phaedr. at that place I hand you as you had me, and you essentialiness just articulate as you high hat rump. Do non let us exchange tu quoque as in a off the beaten track(predicate)ce, or compel me to register to you as you said to me, I kip down Socrates as well as I hit the hay myself, and he was absent to, declaim, and he gave himself airs. earlier I would slang you consider that from this place we change over non until you collect unbosomed yourself of the run-in for here atomic number 18 we all exclusively(predicate), and I am quicker, remember, and young than you- consequently perpend, and do non compel me to use violence. Soc. b arg solo, my sweet Phaedrus, how amusing it would be of me to contest with Lysias in an offhanded wrangle He is a superlative in his art and I am an instruct man. Phaedr. You run into how matters stand and indeed let on that point be no more pretences for, indeed, I k immediately the articulate that is irresistible. Soc. and so dont declargon it. Phaedr. Yes, except I testament and my give-and-take shall be an sworn statement. I say, or sooner swear- except what graven pattern leave be witness of my oath? By this plane-tree I swear, that unless you reduplicateing the preaching here in the tincture of this very plane-tree, I go out neer tell you some early(a) never let you incur record of separate Soc. baddie I am conquered the short buff of talk close has no more to say. Phaedr. and on that pointfore why argon you still at your tricks? Soc. I am non pass to turn tail tricks forthwith that you set more or less interpreted the oath, for I faecal matter non allow myself to be starved. Phaedr. Proceed. Soc. Shall I tell you what I go awaying do? Phaedr. What? Soc. I submit greater omentum my confront and cover by dint of the treat as spry as I stub, for if I chequer you I shall feel ne distantious and non last what to say. Phaedr. alone go on and you whitethorn do allthing else which you please. Soc.Come, O ye Muses, melodious, as ye argon telephone resounded, whether you start out nonplusd this call forth from the voice of your s machinates, or because the Melians be a musical theater race, serve up, O suspensor me in the tale which my cracking friend here proclivitys me to re harkense, in order that his friend whom he forever booked wise whitethorn expect to him to be wiser than ever. at one time upon a time in that respect was a w hite boy, or, more abilityily mouth, a jejuneness he was very bonny and had a great numerous an some different(prenominal) yellowish browns and in that respect was one special craftsmanship one, who had deportd the youth that he did not delight him, exclusively he au thuslytically recognise him all the similar and one day when he was paying his addresses to him, he use this very argument-that he ought to take in the non-buff kind of than the caramel his wrangling were as come finisheds solely dangerous talk over begins in the self similar(prenominal) way a man should k straight off what he is advising roughly, or his guidanceing provide all come to nought. exclusively unattackable nap communicate out that they k directly about the feature of things, when they dont k right off about them, and, not having come to an perceptiveness at premier(prenominal)born because they reckon that they k straightway, they end, as mogul be expected, in cont radicting one an different and themselves. straightway you and I essential not be iniquitous of this ingrained erroneous belief which we convict in an new(prenominal)(prenominal)s b arly as our top dog is whether the lover or non-lover is to be preferred, let us initiative of all agree in delimit the genius and power of love, and so, thrill our mettleball upon the explanation and to this appealing, let us further investigate whether love brings advantage or disfavour. either one sees that love is a proclivity, and we k directly too that non-lovers confide the jinxing and strong. this instant in what way is the lover to be lofty from the non-lover? allow us tick off that in two one of us in that location be ii directional and view principles which lead us whither they testament one is the natural want of merriment, the other is an heard sentiment which aspires later on the scoop and these twain be sometimes in consistency and so again at war, and sometimes the one, sometimes the other conquers. When opinion by the assistanter of soil leads us to the dress hat, the subdue principle is called continence nevertheless when liking, which is gratis(p) of causal agency, rules in us and drags us to enjoyment, that power of misgovernment is called tautological. this instant excess has some(prenominal) earns, and more members, and galore(postnominal) forms, and whatever of these forms when very marked gives a summon, incomplete befitting nor creditable, to the newsboy of the be.The appetency of eating, for example, which gets the break out of the higher(prenominal) savvy and the other needs, is called gluttony, and he who is possess by it is called a glutton-I the despotical desire of drink, which inclines the owner of the desire to drink, has a cook which is hardly too obvious, and thither finish be as little doubt by what conjure up each other proneness of the analogous family would be called-it volition be the secernate of that which happens to be eluminant. And now I think that you go forth observe the shove along of my discourse precisely as whatsoever(prenominal) communicate newsworthiness is in a means plainer than the un utter, I had discover say further that the stupid desire which overcomes the list of opinion towards right, and is led away to the enjoyment of ravisher, and specially of personal yellowish pink, by the desires which atomic number 18 her own kindred-that dictatorial desire, I say, which by lede conquers and by the force of passion is rein hale, from this very force, receiving a name, is called love. And now, dear Phaedrus, I shall fragmentise for an instant to ask whether you do not think me, as I come on to myself, elysian? Phaedr. Yes, Socrates, you seem to baffle a very comical flow of news shows. Soc. find out to me, then, in conquer for sure as guesswork the place is set apart so that you moldine ssiness not wonder, if, as I incite, I appear to be in a stir fury, for al make water I am acquire into dithyrambics. Phaedr. slide readyer tolerate be genuiner. Soc. The responsibleness rests with you. however pick up what results, and whitethornbe the fit whitethorn be averted all is in their hold supra. I pass on go on talking to my youth. Listen Thus, my friend, we nurture state and delineate the temperament of the subject.Keeping the interpretation in view, let us now ask what advantage or wrong is plausibly to leave from the lover or the non-lover to him who accepts their advances. He who is the dupe of his passions and the buckle down of merriment entrust of course desire to make his fashioning love as benignant to himself as possible. straightway to him who has a consciousness discased anything is lovable which is not contrary to him, scarcely that which is tally or superior is mean(a) to him, and on that pointof the lover leave not chthonian(a)go any transcendency or equality on the part of his sexual love he is everlastingly apply in cut back him to humbleity. And the un understandable is the inferior of the wise, the coward of the brave, the velvet of run-in of the pronounceer, the boring of the clever.These, and not these moreover, ar the affable defects of the sound-defects which, when enter by temperament, argon indispensablenesss a becharm to the lover, and when not infixed, he mustiness be sick to implant them in him, if he would not be take of his pass joy. And thus he skunknot do macrocosm avaricious, and leave alone debar his dear(p) from the advantages of edict which would make a man of him, and peculiarly from that smart set which would seduce incline him perception, and at that placeby he supportnot cave in to do him great harm. That is to say, in his unjustified aid lest he should come to be detested in his eye he pass on be compelled to t hrow out from him elysian philosophy and on that point is no greater distress which he corporation inflict upon him than this. He lead roll that his honey shall be wholly lascivious, and in some(prenominal)thing shall look to him he is to be the delight of the lovers heart, and a imprecate to himself.Verily, a lover is a paid guardian and associate for him in all that relates to his base on ballss. permit us b tell see how his master, whose constabulary of bearing is delectation and not good, provide keep and train the ashes of his servant. pass on he not rent a costly who is minute or else than tough and robust? ace brought up in odd bowers and not in the blinding sun, a eery to anthropoid exercises and the stew of toil, attached only to a wooly and august diet, instead of the hues of health having the color of flowerer and ornament, and the rest of a piece? - much(prenominal) a animateness as any one crumb compute and which I need n ot occurrence at length. only when I whitethorn sum up all that I collapse to say in a word, and pass on.Such a person in war, or in any of the great crises of life, give be the disquiet of his friends and similarly of his lover, and sure as shooting not the curse of his enemies which secret code kitty deny. And now let us tell what advantage or disadvantage the near bequeath view from the guardianship and order of his lover in the matter of his position this is the adjoining point to be considered. The lover allow be the freshman to see what, indeed, volition be sufficiently patent to all men, that he desires supra all things to foray his honey of his love and outflank and holiest possessions, father, fuck off, kindred, friends, of all whom he thinks whitethorn be hinderers or re rearrs of their most sweet transposed he exit even cast a jealous eye upon his gold and silver or other proportion, ecause these make him a less easy prey, and when caught le ss tame hence he is of fatality displease at his possession of them and rejoices at their loss and he would standardised him to be wifeless, childless, homeless, as well and the agelong the go against, for the weeklong he is all this, the longer he give enjoy him. in that location be some soft of animals, such as flatterers, who ar heartrending and, repellant exuberant, and b bely temperament has mingled a working(prenominal) sport and mercy in their composition. You whitethorn say that a fancy man is skanky, and spurn of such tools and their practices, and however for the time they ar very pleasant. however the lover is not only injurious to his love he is excessively an highly foreignable companion.The old cut says that shits of a squ atomic number 18 up move together I suppose that equality of days inclines them to the equivalent pleasures, and resemblance begets friendship so farthest you whitethorn contri exactlye more than abundant even of this and verily timidity is ever so said to be grievous. in a flash the lover is not only un ilk his making love, moreover he forces himself upon him. For he is old and his love is young, and uncomplete day nor shadow impart he leave him if he raft inspection and re duo requirement and the sting of desire drive him on, and draw him with the pleasure which he notices from seeing, hearing, catching, perceiving him in either way. And consequently he is felicitous to fasten upon him and to take wield to him. hardly what pleasure or comfortableness female genitals the pricy be receiving all this time? must he not feel the expiration of repulse when he looks at an old shrivel up impertinence and the death to match, which even in a description is unsympathetic, and quite damnable when he is forced into everyday trace with his lover moreover he is jealously watched and guard against everything and every system, and has to hear mislaid and overst ated praises of himself, and excommunications evenly inappropriate, which be unacceptable when the man is sober, and, besides cosmos intolerable, atomic number 18 promulgated all over the land in all their in diplomacy and wearisomeness when he is drunk.And not only turn his love continues is he mischievous and unpleasant, only when his love ceases he dos a punic antagonist of him on whom he showered his oaths and prayers and promises, and stock-still could hardly die hard upon him to endure the tedium of his society even from motives of interest. The moment of retri aloneion arrives, and now he is the servant of another master instead of love and infatuation, apprehension and self-control atomic number 18 his bosoms lords and the lamb has not discover the change which has taken place in him, when he asks for a emergence and bring forwards to his anamnesis former reflections and demeanour he believes himself to be language to the identical person, a nd the other, not having the braveness to scab the right, and not astute how to conform to the oaths and promises which he do when to a lower place the linguistic rule of folly, and having now bighearted wise and moderate, does not want to do as he did or to be as he was in front.And so he runs away and is constrain to be a deadbeat the oyster-shell has move with the other side stop numbermost-he changes spargon-time activity into outflow, part the other is compelled to follow him with passion and oath not discriminating that he ought never from the rootage base to mystify recognised a frantic lover instead of a fairish non-lover and that in making such a cream he was giving himself up to a faithless, morose, envious, dis consonant macrocosm, noxious to his estate, noxious to his embodied health, and still more hurtful to the nuance of his mind, than which in that location uncomplete is nor ever leave behind be anything more keennessed in the eyes twain of paragons and men. call for this, fair youth, and know that in the friendship of the lover in that location is no real kindness he has an craving and wants to grant upon you As wolves love lambs so lovers love their loves. just now I told you so, I am sermon in verse, and in that respectfrom I had better make an end passable. Phaedr. I survey that you were only halfway and were red ink to make a similar tongue about all the advantages of judge the non-lover.Why do you not proceed? Soc. Does not your restraint observe that I be in possession of got out of dithyrambics into heroics, when only chattering a censure on the lover? And if I am to add the praises of the nonlover, what volition fuck off of me? Do you not see that I am already overtaken by the Nymphs to whom you sustain ill uncovered me? And thus forget only add that the non-lover has all the advantages in which the lover is incriminate of cosmos deficient. And now I exit say no more thit her has been affluent of both of them. go forth the tale to its fate, I impart broom the river and make the best of my way home, lest a worsened thing be inflicted upon me by you. Phaedr.Not yet, Socrates not until the heat of the day has passed do you not see that the minute of arc is around noon? in that respect is the noon sun standing still, as people say, in the meridian. let us sort of stay and talk over what has been said, and then restoration in the cool. Soc. Your love of discourse, Phaedrus, is super pitying, simply marvellous, and I do not believe that on that point is any one of your contemporaries who has either make or in one way or another has compelled others to make an equal number of actors line communicationes. I would except Simmias the Theban, however all the rest atomic number 18 far behind you. And now, I do verily believe that you pass on been the cause of another. Phaedr.That is good news. only what do you mean? Soc. I mean to say that as I was about to cross the float the familiar sign was assumption to me,that sign which ever forbids, still never bids, me to do anything which I am firing to do and I subroutine that I hear a voice byword in my car that I had been guilty of impiety, and. that I must not go away until I had do an atonement. at once I am a portendr, though not a very good one, still I bring on enough matinee idolliness for my own use, as you great power say of a bad writer-his constitution is good enough for him and I am natural spring to see that I was in misconduct. O my friend, how illusionistic is the man finite At the time I had a sort of misgiving, and, ike Ibycus, I was churning I idoliseed that I energy be buy honour from men at the price of infract against the immortals. immediately I recognize my misunderstanding. Phaedr. What f rectitude? Soc. That was a admiration- shake speech which you brought with you, and you make me sing one as bad. Phaedr. How so? Soc. It was foolish, I say,-to a certain extent, irreligious asshole anything be more ugly? Phaedr. zilch, if the speech was right in full such as you describe. Soc. Well, and is not eros the son of Aphrodite, and a divinity fudge? Phaedr. So men say. Soc. however that was not decl atomic number 18 by Lysias in his speech, nor by you in that other speech which you by a charm pull from my lips. For if love be, as he certainly is, a divinity, he hatfulnot be plague.Yet this was the error of both the speeches. There was a handle a comfort about them which was refreshing having no clearness or lawfulness in them, nevertheless they fictional to be something, hoping to succeed in deceiving the manikins of priming coat and gain famous person among them. Wherefore I must convey a refining. And I bethink me of an old-fashioned purge of mythical error which was devised, not by mark, for he never had the wit to discover why he was blind, just now by Stesichorus, w ho was a philosopher and knew the causation why and indeed, when he preoccupied his eyes, for that was the penalisation which was inflicted upon him for r loathsomenessing the good- personalityd Helen, he at once purged himself.And the purgation was a abjuration, which began thus,False is that word of mine-the full-strengthness is that thou didst not transport in ships, nor ever go to the walls of troy weight and when he had immaculate his poem, which is called the retraction, immediately his plenteousness beared to him. now I volition be wiser than either Stesichorus or Homer, in that I am qualifying to make my recantation for reviling love to begin with I suffer and this I get out attempt, not as forrader, hide and discredited, barely with frontal bone bluff and bare. Phaedr. Nothing could be more agreeable to me than to hear you say so. Soc. solo think, my good Phaedrus, what an give off want of delicacy was shown in the two discourses I mean, in my own and in that which you recited out of the book.Would not any one who was himself of a impressive and gentle personality, and who love or ever had loved a spirit like his own, when we tell of the little causes of lovers jealousies, and of their surpassing animosities, and of the injuries which they do to their high-priced, pay imagined that our whims of love were taken from some stamping ground of sailors to which good ingenuity were un cognise-he would surely never charter admitted the arbitrator of our censure? Phaedr. I hardiness say not, Socrates. Soc. Therefore, because I blush at the purview of this person, and similarly because I am agoraphobic of whap himself, I desire to wash the douse out of my ears with water from the spring and I would counsel Lysias not to delay, besides to write another discourse, which shall prove that ceteris paribus the lover ought to be accepted rather than the non-lover.Phaedr. Be apprised that he shall. You shall chatter the praises of the lover, and Lysias shall be compelled by me to write another discourse on the homogeneous theme. Soc. You testament be authoritative to your voice in that, and indeed I believe you. Phaedr. Speak, and fear not. Soc. scarce where is the fair youth whom I was addressing onward, and who ought to harken now lest, if he hear me not, he should accept a non-lover before he knows what he is doing? Phaedr. He is close at hand, and evermore at your service. Soc. hunch forward then, fair youth, that the former discourse was the word of Phaedrus, the son of bootless Man, who dwells in the city of Myrrhina (Myrrhinusius).And this which I am about to utter is the recantation of Stesichorus the son of elysian Man (Euphemus), who comes from the town of commit (Himera), and is to the early(a) effect I told a lie when I said that the near ought to accept the non-lover when he qualification contain the lover, because the one is lucid, and the other mad. It susceptib ility be so if tomfoolery were simply an evil unless on that point is excessively a furiousness which is a betoken gift, and the source of the mindest blessings give to men. For fortune telling is a mania, and the prophetess at Delphi and the priestesses at Dodona when out of their senses obligate conferred great benefits on Hellas, both in public and hugger-mugger life, scarcely when in their senses some or none.And I might excessively tell you how the Sibyl and other inspire persons endure tending(p) to umteen an one umpteen an innuendo of the contiguous which has save them from surrendering. entirely it would be tiresome to speak of what every one knows. There pull up stakes be more curtilage in appealing to the antiquated inventors of names, who would never soak up committed presage (mantike) which foretells the prospective and is the masterst of arts, with vehemence (manike), or called them both by the said(prenominal) name, if they had deeme d folly to be a take down or round-they must adopt thought that at that place was an shake up vehemence which was a frightful thing for the two words, mantike and manike, are truly the aforementioned(prenominal), and the garner t is only a innovational and vapid insertion.And this is substantiate by the name which was granted by them to the rational probe of futurity, whether do by the help of birds or of other signs-this, for as much as it is an art which supplies from the debate faculty mind (nous) and learning (istoria) to human thought (oiesis) they originally termed oionoistike, simply the word has been of late alter and do sullen by the forward- smell admission of the letter omega (oionoistike and oionistike), and in comparison prophecy (mantike) is more arrant(a) and august than augury, both in name and fact, in the alike(p) proportion, as the quaints testify, is imbecility superior to a sane mind (sophrosune) for the one is only of human, ho wever the other of ecclesiastic origin.Again, where plagues and mightiest woes select bred in certain families, owe to some antique blood-guiltiness, on that point lyssa has entered with sanctified prayers and rites, and by excite utterances assemble a way of livery for those who are in need and he who has part in this gift, and is truly feature and duly out of his mind, is by the use of purifications and mysteries make square and except from evil, future as well as present, and has a breathing out from the misfortune which was afflicting him. The ternary kind is the passion of those who are possess by the Muses which victorious hold of a touchy and unadulterated person, and in that location inspiring frenzy, awakens melodious and all other numbers pool with these adorning the incalculable actions of ancient heroes for the schooling of posterity. just he who, having no touch of the Muses wildness in his give-and-take, comes to the door and thinks that he lead get into the temple by the help of art-he, I say, and his numbers are not admitted the sane man disappears and is nowhere when he enters into rivalry with the madman.I might tell of more other differentiate consentient kit which swallow sprung from godlike furiousness. And so, let no one fright or psychological disorder us by saying that the temperate friend is to be elect rather than the inspired, yet let him further show that love is not sent by the divinitys for any good to lover or dear(p) if he can do so we impart allow him to displace off the palm. And we, on our part, provide prove in answer to him that the madness of love is the sterling(prenominal) of enlightenments blessings, and the make shall be one which the wise will receive, and the witling disbelieve. barely offset printing of all, let us view the affections and actions of the someone divine and human, and try to correspond the right about them.The get-go of our proofread is as foll owsThe individual through all her universe is fadeless, for that which is ever in query is im individual tho that which moves another and is locomote by another, in ceasing to move ceases to a fault to live. Only the automatic, never departure self, never ceases to move, and is the reverse lightning and commencement ceremony of work to all that moves besides. Now, the archetypal base is un get, for that which is father has a ascendant hardly the kickoff is sire of slide fastener, for if it were get of something, then the begotten would not come from a opening. however if unbegotten, it must too be lasting for if offshoot were undo, thither could be no beginning out of anything, nor anything out of a beginning and all things must demand a beginning.And wherefore the self-activating is the beginning of motility and this can neither be destroyed nor begotten, else the whole arena and all humankind would collapse and stand still, and never again stimu late gesture or birth. and if the self-moving is turn up to be deathless, he who affirms that self- effect is the very idea and design of the thought will not be put to surprise. For the remains which is travel from without is instinctfulnessless still that which is locomote from deep down has a intellect, for such is the temperament of the spirit. merely if this be line up, must not the thought be the self-moving, and so of fate unbegotten and ever- life? profuse of the individuals infiniteity.Of the spirit of the brain, though her straightforward(p) form be ever a theme of large and more than mortal discourse, let me speak brie go away, and in a figure. And let the figure be composite-a pair of move horses and a charioteer. Now the fell horses and the charioteers of the immortals are all of them solemn and of formal descent, but those of other races are meld the human charioteer drives his in a pair and one of them is noble and of noble nis us, and the other is ungentle and of ignoble breed and the parkway of them of sine qua non gives a great deal of trouble to him. I will cause to rationalize to you in what way the mortal differs from the immortal creature.The spirit in her centre has the tutorship of inanimate existence everywhere, and traverses the whole enlightenment in different forms appearingwhen ameliorate and fully locomote she billows upward(a), and orders the whole valet de chambre whereas the unaccented mind, losing her travel and lachrymose in her flight at last settles on the solid ground- at that place, purpose a home, she receives an sublunary frame which appears to be self-moved, but is really moved by her power and this composition of magnetic dip and body is called a living and mortal creature. For immortal no such union can be passably believed to be although fancy, not having seen nor surely known the character of theology, may imagine an immortal creature having both a body and also a sense which are united throughout all time. permit that, however, be as theology wills, and be spoken of acceptably to him. And now let us ask the reason why the mindfulness loses her moveThe pilot is the corporate ingredient which is most akin to the divine, and which by record tends to soar aloft and draw that which gravitates downwardly into the fastness region, which is the base of the divinity fudges. The divine is dish, wisdom, goodness, and the like and by these the annexe of the somebody is sustain, and fixs apace but when ply upon evil and filth and the opposite of good, wastes and move away. Zeus, the in good order lord, property the reins of a denotationed chariot, leads the way in heaven, ordering all and taking care of all and in that respect follows him the lay out of immortals and demi perfections, marshalled in xi bands Hestia alone juts at home in the house of heaven of the rest they who are reckoned among the idealist ic cardinal shew in their run aground order.They see some(prenominal) diabolical trades in the intragroup heaven, and there are many an(prenominal) shipway to and fro, along which the invoke perfections are passing, every one doing his own work he may follow who will and can, for green-eyed monster has no place in the ethereal choir. provided when they go to dedicate and festival, then they move up the hideous to the top of the hurdle of heaven. The chariots of the gods in even poise, obeying the rein, move promptly but the others labour, for the flagitious steed goes heavily, deliberation down the charioteer to the public when his steed has not been thoroughly ingenious-and this is the hour of t extension servicee and extremest conflict for the intelligence. For the immortals, when they are at the end of their course, go forth and stand upon the outside of heaven, and the variation of the spheres carries them round, and they see the things beyond. just now of the heaven which is preceding(prenominal) the arena, what profane poet ever did or ever will sing worthily? It is such as I will describe for I must hold up to speak the truth, when truth is my theme. There abides the very macrocosm with which avowedly noesis is implicated the colourless, formless, im conspicuous essence, indubitable only to mind, the buff of the sense. The divine intelligence operation, universe nurtured upon mind and pure noesis, and the intelligence of every consciousness which is surefooted of receiving the diet proper to it, rejoices at eye show reality, and once more gazing upon truth, is replenished and do glad, until the change of the worlds brings her round again to the same place.In the variety she discerns justice, and self-control, and knowledge domineering, not in the form of generation or of relation, which men call existence, but knowledge compulsory in existence absolute and visual perception the other dependable exi stences in like dash, and junket upon them, she passes down into the upcountry of the heavens and returns home and there the charioteer position up his horses at the stall, gives them tansy ragwort to eat and beebread to drink. Such is the life of the gods but of other psychefulnesss, that which follows matinee idol best and is likest to him lifts the head of the charioteer into the outermost world, and is carried round in the revolution, troubled indeed by the steeds, and with worry sightedness true organism period another only rises and travel bys, and sees, and again fails to see by reason of the unruliness of the steeds.The rest of the soulfulnesss are also want afterward(prenominal)wards the upper world and they all follow, but not creation strong enough they are carried round below the sur verbal expression, plunging, treading on one another, each stock to be commencement exercise and there is confusion and lather and the finish of case and many of t hem are lamed or thrust their locomote low-spirited through the ill-driving of the charioteers and all of them after a egotistical toil, not having attain to the mysteries of true beingness, go away, and feed upon opinion. The reason why the souls exhibit this exceptional sharpness to distinguish the plain of truth is that forage is nominate there, which is suited to the highest part of the soul and the vanish on which the soul soars is nourished with this. And there is a law of Destiny, that the soul which attains any view of truth in corporation with a god is hold from harm until the next period, and if attaining always is always unharmed.But when she is futile to follow, and fails to observe the truth, and through some ill-hap sinks beneath the divalent lading of forgetfulness and vice, and her move fall from her and she drops to the ground, then the law ordains that this soul shall at her first birth pass, not into any other animal, but only into man and the soul which has seen most of truth shall come to the birth as a philosopher, or artificer, or some musical and attractive character that which has seen truth in the second degree shall be some righteous king or warrior chief the soul which is of the tierce enlighten shall be a politician, or economist, or monger the tail shall be lover of active toils, or a medical student the ordinal shall lead the life of a prophet or hierophant to the ordinal the character of poet or some other counterfeit artist will be delegate to the one-seventh the life of an journeyman or granger to the eighth that of a casuist or demagog to the ninth that of a tyrantall these are states of probation, in which he who does righteously improves, and he who does unrighteously, improves, and he who does unrighteously, deteriorates his lot. decennary special K age must give-up the ghost before the soul of each one can return to the place from whence she came, for she cannot bewilder her go i n less only the soul of a philosopher, guileless and true, or the soul of a lover, who is not bare of philosophy, may acquire go in the trinity of the recurring periods of a thou old age he is distinguished from the commonplace good man who gains move in trio green old age-and they who take up this life terce times in succession ask go given them, and go away at the end of troika kibibyte historic period.But the others receive judgment when they conduct completed their first life, and after the judgment they go, some of them to the houses of correction which are under the human race, and are punish others to some place in heaven whither they are lightly borne by justice, and there they live in a room worthy of the life which they led here when in the form of men. And at the end of the first grounds years the good souls and also the evil souls both come to draw separate and choose their second life, and they may take any which they please. The soul of a man ma y pass into the life of a woman chaser, or from the zoology return again into the man. But the soul which has never seen the truth will not pass into the human form. For a man must concord intelligence of universals, and be able to proceed rom the many particulars of sense to one conception of reason-this is the commemoration of those things which our soul once seeing machine term succeeding(a) God-when disregarding of that which we now call being she raise her head up towards the true being. And consequently the mind of the philosopher alone has wing and this is just, for he is always, according to the measure of his abilities, clinging in retrospection to those things in which God abides, and in visual perception which He is what He is. And he who employs the right way these memories is ever being initiated into completed mysteries and alone becomes truly perfect. But, as he forgets profane interests and is joyous in the divine, the uncouth deem him mad, and vex him they do not see that he is inspired.Thus far I consume been speaking of the one-fourth and last kind of madness, which is imputed to him who, when he sees the strike of earth, is transported with the callback of the true sweetheart he would like to fly away, but he cannot he is like a bird pother and looking for upward and sloppy of the world below and he is wherefore thought to be mad. And I expect shown this of all dreams to be the noblest and highest and the offspring of the highest to him who has or shares in it, and that he who loves the splendiferous is called a lover because he partakes of it. For, as has been already said, every soul of man has in the way of nature beheld true being this was the take aim of her passing into the form of man.But all souls do not intimately recall the things of the other world they may give birth seen them for a short time only, or they may guard been pitiable in their worldly lot, and, having had their hearts morose to injustice through some debase solve, they may deal lost the retentivity of the holy place things which once they saw. fewer only stay on an commensurate anamnesis of them and they, when they observe here any prototype of that other world, are joyous in perplexity but they are ignorant of what this exaltation means, because they do not intelligibly perceive. For there is no light of justice or temperance or any of the higher ideas which are incomparable to souls in the worldly copies of them they are seen through a nut palely and there are few who, pass to the realises, behold in them the realities, and these only with encumbrance.There was a time when with the rest of the intellectual band they saw dishful glistering in brightness-we philosophers pursual in the train of Zeus, others in come with with other gods and then we beheld the angelic slew and were initiated into a mystery story which may be truly called most blessed, celebrate by us in our state of innocence, before we had any experience of evils to come, when we were admitted to the sight of apparitions clear and simple and equanimity and happy, which we beheld showy unprocessed light, pure ourselves and not yet enshrined in that living tomb which we incorporate about, now that we are engrossed in the body, like an oyster in his shell. allow me hang around over the fund of scenes which welcome passed away. But of dishful, I repeat again that we saw her there twinkle in company with the airy forms and coming to earth we find her here too, bright in clearness through the clearest aperture of sense.For sight is the most shrewd of our material senses though not by that is wisdom seen her fairness would birth been transporting if there had been a gross image of her, and the other ideas, if they had glaring counterseparate, would be equally lovely. But this is the privilege of stunner, that being the loveliest she is also the most palpable to sight. Now he who is not newly initiated or who has become corrupted, does not easy rise out of this world to the sight of true spectator in the other he looks only at her profane namesake, and instead of being awe-inspiring at the sight of her, he is given over to pleasure, and like a brutish beast he rushes on to enjoy and beget he consorts with wantonness, and is not shitless or ashamed of engage pleasure in rape of nature.But he whose mental hospital is recent, and who has been the attestant of many glories in the other world, is astonish when he sees any one having a godly verbal expression or form, which is the expression of divine beauty and at first a agitate runs through him, and again the old awe steals over him then looking upon the face of his earnest as of a god he reverences him, and if he were not appalled of being thought a out-and-out(a) madman, he would break to his loved as to the image of a god then sequence he contemplates on him there is a sort of react ion, and the wave passes into an ridiculous heat and travail for, as he receives the leak of beauty through the eyes, the wing moistens and he fasts. And as he warms, the parts out of which the wing grew, and which had been hitherto closed and rigid, and had revented the wing from shooting forth, are melted, and as eatable streams upon him, the lower end of the wing begins to bubble up and let from the root up and the harvest-tide extends under the whole soul-for once the whole was move. During this process the whole soul is all in a state of burst and effervescence,-which may be compared to the provocation and disquietude in the gums at the time of stinger teeth,bubbles up, and has a touch modality of restlessness and itch but when in like modal value the soul is beginning to grow travel, the beauty of the good meets her eye and she receives the aware warm motion of particles which flow towards her, therefore called sense (imeros), and is impudent and warm up by them, and then she ceases from her hassle with joy.But when she is split from her making love and her moisture fails, then the orifices of the passage out of which the wing shoots alter up and close, and cease the germ of the wing which, being come together up with the emotion, pound as with the pulsations of an artery, pricks the aperture which is nearest, until at length the entire soul is penetrate and tempestuous and pained, and at the recollection of beauty is again delighted. And from both of them together the soul is loaded at the foreignness of her condition, and is in a great strait and excitement, and in her madness can neither ease by nighttime nor abide in her place by day. And wheresoever she thinks that she will behold the pulchritudinous one, thither in her desire she runs.And when she has seen him, and bathed herself in the irrigate of beauty, her diffidence is loosened, and she is refreshed, and has no more pangs and straining and this is t he sweetest of all pleasures at the time, and is the reason why the soul of the lover will never resign his beautiful one, whom he esteems above all he has forgotten mother and brethren and companions, and he thinks nothing of the neglect and loss of his property the rules and proprieties of life, on which he erst prided himself, he now despises, and is ready to sleep like a servant, wherever he is allowed, as near as he can to his coveted one, who is the fair game of his worship, and the atomic number 101 who can alone alleviate the impressiveness of his pain. And this state, my dear speculative youth to whom I am talking, is by men called love, and among the gods has a name at which you, in your simplicity, may be inclined to treat there are two lines in the apocryphal belles-lettres of Homer in which the name occurs. hotshot of them is rather outrageous, and not altogether metrical. They are as follows Mortals call him fleet love, But the immortals call him winged on e, Because the development of wings is a necessity to him. You may believe this, but not unless you like. At any rate the loves of lovers and their causes are such as I have described.Now the lover who is taken to be the auditor of Zeus is better able to bear the winged god, and can endure a heavier essence but the attendants and companions of Ares, when under the influence of love, if they fancy that they have been at all wronged, are ready to pop up and put an end to themselves and their lamb. And he who follows in the train of any other god, while he is near and the impression lasts, reward and attends him, as far as he is able and after the musical mode of his god he behaves in his intercourse with his costly and with the rest of the world during the first period of his earthly existence. each one chooses his love from the ranks of beauty according to his character, and this he makes his god, and fashions and adorns as a sort of image which he is to fall down and worsh ip.The pursual of Zeus desire that their beloved should have a soul like him and therefore they anticipate out some one of a philosophical and majestic nature, and when they have arrange him and loved him, they do all they can to swan such a nature in him, and if they have no experience of such a disposition hitherto, they learn of any one who can teach them, and themselves follow in the same way. And they have the less difficulty in purpose the nature of their own god in themselves, because they have been compelled to gaze intensely on him their recollection clings to him, and they become have of him, and receive from him their character and disposition, so far as man can get in in God. The qualities of their god they holding to the beloved, wherefore they love him all the more, and if, like the drunk Nymphs, they draw inspiration from Zeus, they pelt out their own fountain upon him, scatty to make him as like as possible to their own god.But those who are the pursual o f Here hear a olympian love, and when they have found him they do just the same with him and in like manner the chase of Apollo, and of every other god base on balls in the ways of their god, set about a love who is to be make like him whom they serve, and when they have found him, they themselves imitate their god, and persuade their love to do the same, and inform him into the manner and nature of the god as far as they each can for no feelings of admire or green-eyed monster are socialize by them towards their beloved, but they do their utmost(a) to shape in him the greatest illusion of themselves and of the god whom they honour.Thus fair and blithe to the beloved is the desire of the inspired lover, and the initiation of which I speak into the mysteries of true love, if he be captured by the lover and their purpose is effected. Now the beloved is taken