Parental Supervision and Adolescent Drinking Behavior

I. Hypothesis. The purpose of this research is to find out if parental supervision has an influence in adolescents’ drinking behavior. II. Literature Review. Research suggests that parents play an important role in the lives of children. Some of these parents have a negative or positive influence on the lives of the children. Shin, Edwards, Heeren, Amodeo (2009) stated that in the United Stated nearly 3.3 million referrals were made to state and local child protective services (CPS) for assessment or investigation in 2006. Out of these million referrals, 905, 000 were judged to be victims of child abuse or neglect. Childhood maltreatment has been associated to alcohol abuse. â€Å"Although many studies have found a†¦show more content†¦Although, existing literature has been inconsistent, communication between parent-child about substance use make adolescents apprehensive about is drinking and lowers alcohol, tobacco, or other drug (ATOD) (Williams, Nigg, Kittinger, Eller, 2010). William et al. (2010) stated that overall, adolescent alcohol drinking and parent expectations, attitudes, and permissiveness i s more conclusive. When parents provide a clear-alcoholic specific rule in the house, drinking behavior has been delayed in both younger and older adolescents. In a telephone survey of 20,000 adolescents aged 12 to 17 stated that they disapproved of substance use when their parents strongly disapproved of them. However talking about disapproval of drinking in the household is not enough; Williams et al. (2010) tried to study if parent’s restriction plays a role in the child’s perception of alcohol drinking. The 12 item Youth Alcohol Survey was used to assessed adolescent drinking behavior that was designed by the Hawaii Strategic Prevention framework State Incentive Grant (SPF-SIG) Maui County Advisory Committee. Adolescents aged 12 to 17 were recruited throughout Maui County from eleven youth centers and after school programs. The results demonstrated that these adolescents had some degree of restriction at home. A majority of the adolescent (80%) reported that theirS how MoreRelatedAlcohol and Teen Drinking Essay552 Words   |  3 Pagesmood and behavior (heroin, cocaine, marijuana).† This issue interests me due to the many friends I have who drink overwhelmingly. Also, I have so many cousins that are younger than me that I am concerned about with this issue. There are many reasons to why teens may drink, not all of which are reasonable but is the truth, from what I know. Teen drinking can also result in very many mishaps that are mostly a terrible consequence. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many things can cause teen drinking. OneRead More Effects of Underage Drinking on Society Essay1100 Words   |  5 PagesUnderage Drinking Anyone who is below eighteen years of age is considered as underage and laws in many countries prohibit such a person from consuming alcohol. Alcohol happens to be the most commonly abused drug not only among the youth but also among adults. This paper explores underage drinking, its effects on the society and outlines what can be done to curb it. Young people are considered to constitute the largest number of alcohol consumers and they account for a large portion of alcoholRead MoreUnderage Alcohol And Alcohol Abuse1597 Words   |  7 Pageskids under the age of 21.† (fact sheets- underage drinking, 2015) Statistics also say that 68 percent of high school seniors have tried alcohol, 37.4 percent of those high school seniors have drunk alcohol in the last month, and 23.5 percent of high school sophomores have also drunk in the last month. Among high school students within the month they were surveyed, 35 percent of them drank some type of alcohol, 21 percent participated in â€Å"binge drinking† which is consuming more than 5 alcoholic beveragesRead MoreTeenage Binge Drinking and its Consequences1294 Words   |  6 PagesTeenage drinking is among the issues that have received respectable attention from researchers owing to its increase. In the United States as well as other countries, underage drinking has beco me a prevalent issue with often far-reaching consequences. Teenagers, who engage in binge drinking, are likely to be exposed to other dangers, such as psychological issues, drinking-related accidents, and violent crimes. The increased prevalence of this problem makes it imperative to understand contributingRead MoreIntegrating Peer Training With Social Norms800 Words   |  4 Pages311) The prevailing literature shows that there is an opposite relationship among parental practices that embrace better parenting monitoring and control of youth doings and their risky behaviors such as drug use, suggesting that youths are less likely to engage in unsafe actions if parents can supervise them. According to (Vaughan, Kratz, D Argent, 2011, p. 1-16) it is assumed that school integration and parental contribution in class relates to a lower risk of alcohol, cigarette, and marijuanaRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol On The Prevention Of Underage Drinking1280 Words   |  6 PagesSuggestions of a possible solution a. Education i. Nature. What, specifically, is the plan? Not only does family play a significant role in the prevention of underage drinking, so does education. The plan is to get more schools involved in teaching youth about the potential risks associated with underage and irresponsible drinking habits. ii. Strengths. In what ways would this plan effectively fulfill the requirements or criteria of a solution, that is make notable progress in the direction andRead MoreTeenage Drug And Alcohol Abuse2166 Words   |  9 PagesTeenage drug and alcohol abuse can come from a number of different factors such as emotional disorders, stress, social events and other adolescent pressures. Adolescent is a period of time when teens have a lot of pressures to fit in, establish their own identities, it’s also a time of growth and development, and also the great desire to fit in which leads teens to give into peer pressure. Teens are going through an emotional change in themselves emotionally, physically and also hormonally duringRead MoreIntroduction. Alcohol The Debate Of The Ages, Between The1730 Words   |  7 PagesWithin this topic, always comes the concern of when is it appropriate for people to legally drink alcohol. Currently, in the United States the minimum legal drinking age (MDLA) is the age 21. There are many reasons and sciences behind why the U.S. choose the age of 21. On July 17, 1984 the president signed an act called National Minimum Drinking Age Act (NMDAA). This mandated all the states, to federally instate this law within time all came around and the national age in the United States became 21Read MoreThe Dangers Of Adolescent Binge Drinking1279 Words   |  6 Pagesbetter half. Throughout your high school years, our friends and companions get to be more important than our own families. They are the ones we as adolescents turn to in an emergency for backing. Because of feeling the need to fit in with our peers, there is a steady associate weight. This has been one of the principles calculated in high school binge drinking. There is frequently a necessity to contend with one another. When living in a fraternity or sorority house, on campus, there is consistent partyingRead MoreMy Point Today Is Poor Parental Guidance859 Words   |  4 Pagese ver witnessed children interacting, perhaps a demonstration of antisocial and rude behavior? Despite negative consequences, ones unjust behavior can cause health and safety issues. Children tend to adapt to the things that surround them a way to help guide children is love and support. According to, Jennifer Warren in the article, â€Å"writes,† on sportsmanship children learning (bad behavior skills) from adults. (However, an open door to violence, alcohol, and drug abuse, will reveal anger characteristics

The Censorship of Huckleberry Finn Essay - 1273 Words

The Censorship of Huckleberry Finn Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a significant book in the history of American literature that presents readers with the truth of our past American society in aspects such as speech, mannerisms, and tradition that we must embrace rather than dismiss by censorship. It is a novel that has been praised and proclaimed America’s â€Å"first indigenous literary masterpiece† (Walter Dean Howells) as well as one that has been criticized and declared obscene. It has undergone much scorn and condemnation as a novel and many feel that it should be censored. This, however, is not the way it should be. Huckleberry Finn is a masterpiece and, as a matter of fact, it is one on many levels. The story itself, though†¦show more content†¦One of the reasons that Huckleberry Finn was banned in the past was because people found the dialect that Twain used unintelligible and shameful to the United States. These people thought that the manner of speech in which the novel was written would make Americans appear simple-minded. This may be the case with some, but the vernacular that the author used was the real dialect that majority of the population practiced in the time period that Huck existed. The novel is not meant to put America to shame, but rather to show the reality of how people spoke and acted in the mid nineteenth century. The vernacular is yet another aspect that makes the novel truthful because it gives readers a realistic view into the life of people from that time in American history. Huckleberry Finn is also lifted into great literary status by Twain’s compelling use of symbolism. An example of this symbolism is the Mississippi River. Throughout the novel, the river symbolizes life’s journey and, eventually, Huck’s natural integrity. It represents a place of ease and safety for both Huck and Jim. There is a major difference between their life on the river and their life on the land. On the river, life for Huck is peaceful and easy yet not without its dangers, whilst life on the land is most often cruel, demanding, and deceitful. Another example is how life on the raft is a paradox because, evenShow MoreRelated Banishment Censorship of Twains Huckleberry Finn Essay774 Words   |  4 PagesBanishment Censorship of Twains Huckleberry Finn Banishment? The novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, has received much criticism through the years. Yet Ernest Hemingway, among other great American writers, considers this work a great American classic. This novel addresses many social issues in the South before the Civil War, causing some critics to find it racist or degrading to the African American culture. For this reason, these critics often attempt to ban HuckleberryRead MoreLanguage in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain Essay719 Words   |  3 PagesMark Twain’s classic novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is arguably the best piece of American Literature ever written. However, the excessive use of the ‘n-word’ has caused a dispute on whether the book should be censored to fit the demands of modern day readers who hope to make an edited version without the slur. The release of an edited version will reduce the message Twain is relaying to his audience. Twain’s choice of language allows the reader to travel back in time to the 1800’s andRead MoreHuckleberry Finn Too Offensive For School?880 Words   |  4 PagesHuckleberry Finn too Offensive for School? A widely debated topic concerning, Mark Twain’s classic Huckleberry Finn centers on its content which may or may not be too offensive to be allowed on public school reading lists. The NAACP and concerned parents want Huckleberry Finn â€Å"removed from mandatory reading lists, for the books damaging effects on African-American students† (Hentoff 98). The book did not get removed; in â€Å"1998 Judge Reinhardt wrote: ‘an important part of education is thinking criticallyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain983 Words   |  4 Pageseverything, especially with what words one can say or write. A person must be able to know when is the appropriate moment to say a certain something. This is Mark Twain is criticized about his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a novel about a runaway orphan boy named Huckleberry Finn who is accompanied by a runaway slave named Jim. As they sail down the Mississippi Rive, together they encounter problems and life lessons. Throughout this novel Twain uses the term â€Å"nigger† because of this thereRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Samuel Langhorne Clemens1325 Words   |  6 PagesAlexis Timm Mrs. Mirosh 1st hour English 11 21 February 2017 To Read or Not To Read The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel published by Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name as Mark Twain, in 1884. The story is more than just a story however as many adults, parents, and educators believe that this book is unfit for a classroom setting. What they are unable or (unwilling) to see are the benefits of reading and analyzing this story. It allows students to understand historyRead More Censorship Should NOT be Placed on Books Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesCensorship Should NOT be Placed on Books   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Censorship... a system under which official censors must give permission before communications of a specified type can lawfully be made (Wilgoren, 1). Recently censorship has become a major problem in our society. Censorship should not be banned on books. People should not be told they cannot read a book. Unfortunately history has shown that words can be used for ill as well as for good, to destroy lives as well as to enhance them? (SteffensRead MoreHuckleberry Finn Persuasive Essay1571 Words   |  7 Pagesmatter- ‘tis the difference between the lightning bug and lightning.†(Mark Twain). Mark Twain, the author of an extraordinary yet controversial novel; The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn had a great way of capturing moments in time and bringing them to life through the use of meaningful and direct diction. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been a vexed novel for it s a use of the â€Å"N-word†. However, many scholars and associations have devised a â€Å"solution† for this problem such as, completely banningRead MoreEssay on Prejudice and Racism in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn833 Words   |  4 PagesPrejudice and Racism in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn      Ã‚   The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, is an excellent example of racism in literature, because it uses language describing African Americans which goes beyond satire.   It treats them as objects and perpetuates stereotypes. It does not expose and deal with racism, as many advocates of its reading claim, but encourages an attitude of superiority that is unnecessary and intolerable. In order to ridRead MoreEssay about School Censorship is Detrimental to Education1519 Words   |  7 PagesSchool Censorship is Detrimental to Education       Mark Twain, John Steinbeck, Harper Lee, Maya Angelou. What do these writers have in common? Sure, they are all great American authors, but there is something else. They are all banned. Censored. Forbidden. Who has not read a book by at least one of these authors? All are great pieces of literature and should be crucial parts of the high school curriculum. School censorship of books is detrimental to the educational development of highRead MoreEssay on Censorship is Not the Answer983 Words   |  4 PagesCensorship is Not the Answer Congress shall make no law... abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press. - First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution This is true liberty when free born men, having to advise the public, may speak free. -Euripides, Fifth Century B.C. There is room for all of us - and our divergent view - under the First Amendment. - Spiro Agnew ... They have expelled Huck from their library as trash and suitable only for the slums. That will sell 25,000

Consumer Law of Australia LexisNexis Butterworths

Question: Describe about the Consumer Law of Australia for LexisNexis Butterworths. Answer: 1. Issues: An invitation of treat is given by Ogies Car Sales Pty Ltd for selling a one year second hand car. The offer is given in the price of $25,000. The offer was accepted by Lara at a rate of $22,500 cash. A sale document has been created and written contract took place between Lara and Ogie. The issue raised that warranty card was not given by Ogie to Lara. In the advertisement 12 months warranty was mentioned but the warranty card was not given her when she was buying the car. Here the contract is formed by warranty is not given, so obligation of contract takes place in this case. The question arises: Is this a breach of rules of the contract? Is Ogie violating the rules of consumer rights act in this case? Rules As Australian Consumer law (ACL) which fall under Schedule 2 of the Competition and Consumer act 2010, Ogie has done unfair practice of business. He has breached the rule of part 5 of Trade Practices act 1974 (Cth). Under section 18 of Consumer act, it is mentioned that when a product is sold by a seller to a buyer than he should provide the warranty papers, bill receipt and mention the condition of the product which Ogie has not done while selling the car to Lara, which is also breach of contract law[1]. The contract is valid because invitation of treat, offer and acceptance has formed in the contract between an offeror and offeree but condition of the BMW car was not stated properly and warranty is not provided. Both conditions and warranty is important to be stated while forming contract which is not stated properly by Ogie. So it can be said the contract is not under consideration and Ogie contract will fall under unconscionable conduct which can be declared by the court if Lara files case against Ogie for breaching the rules of Consumer Law[2]. It can be said that the customer is misrepresented by the seller by selling a BMW in high rate without any bills and warranty card. The agreement cannot be proved as enforceable under Australian Contract law because of missing of the terms, conditions and warranty of the product. But Lara should have followed the conduct of Consumer rights act before buying the car and she should have asked for the bill and the warranty card which is her carelessness[3]. The court can raise question in this conflict. For example, Oscar chess Ltd v Williamss case can be mentioned here. In this case, the owner of a second hand car (Morris Minor) tends to sell the car stating to a car dealer that it is a 1948 model. The selling contract took place between the seller and the dealer but later the dealer came to know that the car is 1939 model. For that reason the dealer sued the seller but the court said it was the dealers fault that he has not checked the condition before as he was expertise in car. So the contract is not enforceable because the condition of the car is of mentioned here even misleading act took place which the seller did with the buyer. This case is similar to the case of Lara and Ogie at some extent because the victim is misleads because of their own carelessness and the selling contract is not enforceable in both the case. Application The contract is not enforceable because of lack of presence of the elements, terms and conditions and misleading has done by the seller (Ogie) while selling the car to Lara. In a valid contract there is offer, acceptance, legal intention, capacity, considerations, terms, conditions and warranty. Offer and acceptance after invitation of treat has made in this contract but in this contract terms, conditions and warranty is missing. As per rule of part 5 of Trade Practices act 1974, commercial trade procedures are not followed by Ogie properly which is breach of Fair Work Act. As per Trade practice act, the rules of commercial programs and method of selling the car by providing appropriate rudiments are not given by Ogie to Lara[4]. For that reason she can sue Ogie under Consumer rights act. Conclusion In this case breach of rules of Consumer Competition Act, Contract Act and Trade practice act of Australia has done because the seller did not maintain all the rules of a contract and for that reason the contract is not enforceable under law[5]. 2. Issues Lara bought a second hand BMW car from Ogies Car Sales Pty Ltd at the rate of $25,000. A sales document was made when the selling contract was made between both of them but all the necessary rudiments are not mentioned here. The problem occurs after Lara bought the car. After three months it was identified that the car was slipping out of the gear and for servicing it took $2,500. Even it was found by the mechanic that the car can run 175,000 km and not more than that. Here Lara had to confront with the problem as she was misrepresented by the seller (Ogie). The question arises: What should be the remedies taken by Lara in this case? Is Ogie totally guilty? What rights can be claimed by Lara from Ogie? What should be the penalty which Ogie has to give to Lara? Rules According to Competition and Consumer Act 2010 unfair practices in business is not allowed. As per section 18 of Australian Securities and investment Commission, the federal court can punish Ogie if the Plaintiff (Lara) sues Ogie. As per section 52 of Trade Practice Act, Ogie has not maintained the appropriate rules of business in the contract. Ogie has sold the second hand car which has fault[6]. He did misrepresentation by doing fraudulence with the consumer (Lara). As per misrepresentation act 1922 the court can order to give penalty by Ogie to Lara or return back his money because he has done fraudulence with Lara[7]. For example, case like Concrete Constructions (NSW) Pty Ltd v Nelson [1990] HCA 17 which is related with misleading of deceptive conduct can be described here. The companys foreman wrongly misguided a building worker for that reason the building worker is injured. The foreman did deceptive conduct by breaching the rules of sec 18 of Trade practice act. Under sec 52 of Trade commerce act the workers family can claim monetary compensation in this case because the worker was misrepresented by the foreman[8]. As per Consumer and Competition Act 2010 Lara can claim monetary compensation or return back of money from Ogie. According to Consumer rights Act or Consumer Protection Act Lara can ask compensation from Ogie. As per Section 232 of Consumer rights act injunctions is ordered by court with compensatory orders. The plaintiff or sufferer can ask compensation in that case[9]. A consumer has rights to ask for the guarantee from the seller before buying any product but Lara did not do that and accepted the odder and become the victim of misrepresentation. Ogie will be punished under criminal conduct for breaching the consumer rights act. Application As per ACL Regulations of part 6 and 7 of Competition and Consumer regulation 2010, when a sales agreement is done a seller has to assure that the agreement is not unsolicited; warranties and repair notice should be provided by the seller to the consumer; and other rights of payment should be described. But Ogie has violated all the ACL regulations and misrepresented Lara by selling second hand car which is defected and Lara has to invest more amounts for servicing the car. Lara was running loss in this case. It was Ogies liability to do servicing of the car but he did not do that. As per chapter 3 of Australian Consumer law false misleading is prohibited by ACL for suppling unsolicited goods. As per chapter 4 of ACL Ogie has done criminal offense. As a remedy Lara can ask for the refund, repair and replacement from Ogie. If she sues Ogie (defendant) under consumer protection acts than he has to give the refund back to Lara (plaintiff). Even she can state all the rights of Consumer rights act and she can clarify at front of the court that how Ogie mispleaded her and how she is running financial loss because of buying the product from the market. As per section 232 of Consumer Rights Act, the remedy can be asked by Lara from Ogie[10]. Conclusion In this case breach of Consumer law has occurred which is done by the defendant against the plaintiff. The consumer competition acts rules are also breached by the seller and for that reason the buyer has to face various problems. Misrepresentation has also occurred and valid contract is also not made between both of them. All the remedies with proper application has also mentioned with various legal consideration to solve the case of Ogie. Bibliography Radan, Peter and John Gooley,Principles Of Australian Contract Law(LexisNexis Butterworths, 2009) Steinwall, Ray,Trade Practices Act 1974(LexisNexis Butterworths Australia, 2010) Steinwall, Ray,Annotated Competion And Consumer Act 2010(LexisNexis Butterworths, 2011) Vout, Paul T,Unconscionable Conduct(Lawbook Co, 2006) Legislation Australian Consumer Law(2016) Consumerlaw.gov.au https://consumerlaw.gov.au/the-australian-consumer-law/legislation/ The Australian Consumer Law(2016) consumerlaw.gov.au https://consumerlaw.gov.au/files/2015/06/ACL_framework_overview.pdf 1Legislation Australian Consumer Law(2016) Consumerlaw.gov.au https://consumerlaw.gov.au/the-australian-consumer-law/legislation/.

Theories and Methods in Counseling free essay sample

This paper will take the reader briefly through the three grand theories of counseling in psychology and then onto the two emergent theories, which are based on observation, biology, sociology or anthropology. From that framework, some methods/therapies will be discussed and then a brief look at legal and ethical concerns will be presented in order to prepare the reader for the author’s Biblical perspective, which highlights the obvious missing element in the development of these theories/therapies. The Biblical references are the author’s personal choices and not the only relevant instances to be found in the Bible for spiritual insight into the theories and methods of psychology. The paper will then conclude with this penman’s personal reflection on this material and how it relates to her future practice of counseling. Keywords: Freud, grand theories, emergent, methods, therapies, ethics, Biblical Theories and Methods in Counseling Psychological theories and the therapies that result from them are of great importance to the counselor who is engaged in helping people through difficult times and/or mental illness. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories and Methods in Counseling or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The modern western tradition of counseling, and in particular psychoanalysis, began with Sigmund Freud. Very little effort is given here to understand where his ideas originated, but, that does not mean his thoughts were independent of his culture, time period, and personal experiences. For Freud, and in fact everyone after him, individual theories and concepts evolve and in time â€Å"new† theories appear as older ideas give way to new-found â€Å"truths†. This paper begins with Freud and then onto the two other grand theories, behaviorism and cognitive theory. On this journey, the reader will be traveling from the end of the Enlightenment, through modernism and end up in the post-modern world. Although not directly stated, this can be seen as Freud’s opinion that mankind is just incapable of understanding the sub-conscious progressing onto behaviorism where â€Å"reason† should be able to explain all things. Reason failed to solve all the issues that could trouble a person and the pursuit of understanding how people think (cognitive theory) began which lead to new methods and therapies. In parallel, society changed with legal and ethical questions demanding attention. The paper then progresses toward general Biblical concepts ending in the author’s personal reflection concerning counseling. In the counseling profession, there is support to be eclectic when choosing a therapy and without knowledge of the origins of various therapies and understanding how they are to operate one cannot be effective. Add to this the focus of solving a person’s specific issue with time constraints, demands a counselor who is on firm intellectual and spiritual ground. Grand theories Psychoanalytic Psychoanalytic theory is credited to Sigmund Freud whose practice as a physician involved treating people with mental illness. He developed his psychosexual theories after hearing patients relate their dreams and fantasies. Freud posited that development in the first six years is characterized by sexual happiness related to a specific part of the body (Berger, 2008). Birth to one year is the oral stage, one to three years of age represents the anal stage, three to six years is the phallic stage, six to eleven years the latency stage, and the adolescent period is described as the genital stage, continuing into adulthood where it remains dominant. Problems arise in individuals when conflicts in one or more of these stages are unresolved (Berger, 2008). Unresolved conflicts are revealed by the unconscious via dreams, fantasies, slips of the tongue, and the symbolic content of the symptoms, as well as free association, projection, and posthypnotic suggestion symptoms (Corey, 2009). This approach suggests that the unconscious holds the key to resolving neurotic symptoms. Here the therapist can help the patient by being a â€Å"blank screen† where â€Å"transference† can take place thus beginning the work of change. This can be a long process (Jones amp; Butman, 2011) and requires a therapist who is well qualified as well as a client who is ready and willing to change (Corey, 2005). Freud also gave modern psychology the concepts of the â€Å"id†, described as instinctual and the principal source of psychic energy, the â€Å"ego† which contacts the external world and provides executive control, and the â€Å"superego† where the moral code resides to decide whether an action is right or wrong, good or bad (Corey, 2009). The â€Å"working through† described above was termed â€Å"catharsis† and could be considered an energy exchange where the â€Å"id† releases energy in appropriate ways (Jones, amp; Butman, 2011). Freud does not use the term catharsis in the Stoic sense where it implied â€Å"the separation of the mind from the emotional attachment to external, material things (Robertson, 2005, para. 8). The goal of these efforts was to be able to reconcile the unconscious and conscious, enabling behavior based on reality and not on instincts or guilt (Corey, 2009). Erik Erikson also was of the opinion that problems later in life were the result of childhood conflicts and constructed his eight stages of development with the first five being similar to Freud. However, his view was from the cultural and family perspective and was considered psychosocial (Berger, 2008) with the goal of conflict resolution in each stage of development. Erikson saw the conflicts as trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, imitative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. solation, generativity vs. stagnation and integrity vs. despair (Corey, 2009). Psychoanalytic theory certainly captured people’s imagination and with a bigger than life champion, Sigmund Freud, it was birthed around the modern world. Behaviorism There is no question that Freud was a â€Å"rock star† however the smoke did clear due in part to the efforts of John Watson. He felt that psychology should, â€Å"†¦ limit ourselves to thing s that can be observed, and formulate laws concerned only with those things †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Berger, 2008, p. 38). This began the endeavor to understand how and why people act and think the way they do based on a yet to be discovered set of laws (Berger, 2008). Researchers were known as â€Å"learning theorist†, because it was thought that behavior is learned, deciphering how the learning took place became the focus of this new science. Observing not only people but, animals as well, clues to this mystery were to be uncovered. Ivan Pavlov, a Nobel Prize winner for his insights into animal digestion, uncovered â€Å"conditioning†, or how certain stimuli will consistently result in certain responses (Berger, 2008). The term classical conditioning, also known as respondent conditioning (Corey, 2005) became an accepted explanation of behavior: however it was not an all encompassing explanation. Recognizing the limitations, B. F. Skinner believed that classical conditioning explained behavior in simple circumstances, but saw that in complex areas of life, behavior will be modified if a reward or avoidance of adverse stimuli occurs (Corey, 2009). He called this operant conditioning that is also known as â€Å"instrumental conditioning† (Berger, 2008, p. 39). From this, another term, reinforcement came into use to take the place of reward. Reward implies immediacy while reinforcement does not necessarily happen every time an action is taken. Also reinforcement can be positive or negative, which will eventually modify behavior (Corey, 2009). The new science of behaviorism theory (BT) was at odds with psychoanalytic theory (PT) in several areas. Regarding the unconscious, PT posits that it is unknown while BT believes that it can be known and can be a barrier to self-improvement. Behavior that is observed is considered a symptom in PT and BT only looks at what a person does. PT states that childhood experiences remain an influence throughout one’s entire life while BT looks to current conditioning to unlearn and even reverse habits and patterns learned in childhood. The final dispute is extremely interesting in its far reaching implications, PT believes â€Å"†¦ most aspects of human development are beyond the reach of scientific experiment; uses ancient myths, the words of disturbed adults, dreams †¦ as raw material† while BT is described as â€Å"proud to be science, dependent on verifiable data and carefully controlled experiments; discards ideas that sound good but are not proven† (Berger, 2008, p. 8). Behaviorism, as a theory and science, gained acceptance and continued to expand in scope. This mechanistic view of conditioning, although clean and precise, could not explain all behaviors. People can learn from others without the benefit of reward or reinforcement. Again, from the observation of animals and people, another perspective, known as cognitive theory began. Cognitive Moving from the explanations of behavior as a science, interest began to grow in how the thought process works. Why do different people think the way they do, what formed their individual process, and how are these processes organized? An early pioneer in this work was Jean Piaget who held that thoughts and expectations greatly impact one’s actions, assumptions, beliefs and values (Berger, 2008). Cognitive theory also recognizes that peoples’ thought processes are malleable through time and experience. As the thought process changes so does behavior and Piaget managed to identify four major periods of cognitive development; sensorimotor from birth to two years of age where learning is active with no conceptual or reflective thought, preoperational takes over from two to six years of age with language being used to understand their egocentric world, concrete operational begins at six years of age and continues to eleven years of age with the child applying logic to interpret experiences objectively, however thinking is limited to what is in their immediate environment and experience, and formal operational beginning at twelve years of age and continuing for the rest of one’s life where abstractions and hypothetical concepts are reasoned analytically as well as emotionally (Berger, 2008). Under this theory, intellectual advancement occurs when a person tries to achieve a mental balance or â€Å"cognitive equilibrium† (Berger, 2008, p. 44). One tool used to achieve this end is to make sense of new experiences from the vantage point of preexisting ideas, which is termed assimilation. If these new experiences cannot be assimilated then pre-existing ideas may need to be updated in order to achieve â€Å"accommodation’ (Berger, 2008, p. 45). In summary, it can be stated that development using cognitive theory is where growth is an active process in responding to new and challenging ideas, while the psychoanalytic approach maintains that growth is dependent on maturity and behaviorism postulates that repetition is the key to growth (Berger, 2008). The ideas put forth in the three grand theories were formulated nearly a century ago and provided a springboard for new developments. Emergent Sociocultural In the grand theories one can see that the focus was on the individual and then began to expand to where it was believed our action with others shaped our growth. Surprisingly, the founder of sociocultural theory, Lev Vygotsky, worked in global obscurity in Soviet Russia and his ideas were not accessible until after the Cold War ended (Berger, 2008). Vygotsky had a large group of people who were both economically and ethnically diverse as well as children who were considered mentally retarded to observe (Berger, 2008). His theory is built upon the idea that people live in societies and therefore they must acquire specific capabilities and knowledge in order to function in their society. Tutors who come in the form of teachers, friends, and even strangers must guide the novice, in society. Together they offer â€Å"guided participation† to help the novice learn in an informal way. This idea must be coupled with the concept of â€Å"zone of proximal development† (ZPD) where the student must be in the â€Å"zone†, an area where the material is not already known and the material is not too difficult at that particular time. A major departure from the grand theories is that guided participation is an active process where the student and the teacher learn from each other (Berger, 2008). There is certainly a great amount of merit in this theory and it can be observed everyday in society. There is however, a concern that the particular society itself may have questionable values (Berger, 2008). Epigenetic Epigenetic theory is a recent theory that draws from biology, genetics and chemistry. The main construct is that, â€Å"†¦ genes interact with the environment to allow development (Gottlieb, 2003)† (Berger, 2008, p. 49) According to this theory all physical and psychological traits are influenced by genes. Combine this with the development process and one can conclude that this interaction results in a specific range of outcomes or a â€Å"reaction range†. These outcomes are not automatic, for example, having a genetic disposition to become an addict simply does not equate to becoming an addict (Berger, 2008). The next sections will bring the reader closer to some modern day therapies found in psychology and are not an exhaustive list by any means. Methods / Therapies Existential Therapy Existential therapy, whose most famous advocates were Viktor Frankl and Rollo May, is more of a philosophical approach than a major psychological theory (Wilks, 2003) however, it bears mentioning because it has a place in counseling. At the center of this â€Å"therapy’ is that each individual has free will and life is not deterministic (Corey, 2009). The first step is to help the client discover areas where they have acquiesced and relinquished control. This is the beginning of realizing their full potential and next is encouraging them to purposefully act toward that end (Fernando, 2007). The core concepts of freedom and responsibility are communicated to the client by insightful maneuvering of the counselor (Fernando, 2007). Distinctive to the existential approach is that suffering can be meaningful and a tremendous precipitator for change (Fernando, 2007). Behavior Therapy Behavior therapy is based on behaviorism. B. F. Skinner and Albert Bandura furthered the original premise. The basic concepts have been outlined in the section above; but it is worth mentioning the contribution of Albert Bandura with his development of social learning theory that combined classical and operant conditioning with observational learning (Corey, 2009). This therapy is non-deterministic and maintains that the individual is the â€Å"†¦ producer and product of his or her environment† (Corey, 2009, p. 237). With that said it should come as no surprise that the goals of this therapy are for the client to have greater personal choice and the generation of new conditions for learning (Corey, 2009). Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive behavior therapies are the expansion of behavior therapy. Here we can see variations on the theme as presented by Albert Ellis who developed rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), Aaron T. Beck’s version of cognitive therapy (CT), and Donald Meichenbaum’s cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) (Corey, 2009). These are all short term approaches and share the following; collaboration between the therapist and the client, the premise that psychological distress is a result of cognitive disturbances, changing cognition will result in improvement, and that the goal is resolution of a specific problem in a short period of time (Corey, 2009). The client plays an active role during the entire process including â€Å"homework†. It has been posited that these theories do not put forth any objective truth and perhaps their purpose is to provide a narrative structure (Hansen, 2006). There has been research into â€Å"third wave† or mindfulness based cognitive therapy that is showing promise (Bhanji, 2011) and focuses on changing the â€Å"relationship to inner experiences† (Bhanji, 2011 p. 65) as opposed to modifying thought content. Legal Issues Regarding Theory and Method The previous sections have introduced basic information about various theories and methods.

Future Subjunctive Tense in French Grammar

Future Subjunctive Tense in French Grammar There is no future subjunctive in French. The present subjunctive is used for both present and future.  There is no future subjunctive per se. Even if the action is to happen in the future, the present subjunctive is used. However, there is a  past subjunctive. Present Subjunctive Is Used for Both Present and Future In general, the French subjunctive  mood  is used to express actions or ideas that are subjective or otherwise uncertain: will/wanting, emotion, doubt, possibility, necessity, judgment.  The key to understanding this mood is  to remember that the subjunctive subjectivity or unreality.   The subjunctive is nearly always found in dependent clauses introduced by  que  or  qui, and the subjects of the dependent and main clauses are usually different:   Je veux que tu le fasses.I want you to do it.  Ã‚  Il faut que nous partions.Its necessary that we leave. / We have to leave.Il est  possible quil arrive demain.Its possible that he will arrive tomorrow.Cest bon que tu sois prà ªt midi.Its good that youll be ready at noon. Verbs and expressions that  express someones will, an  order, a need, a piece of advice, or a desire require the subjunctive: aimer mieux que  to like better / to prefer thatcommander que  to order thatdemander que  to ask (someone to do somethingdà ©sirer que  to desire thatdonner lordre que  to order that Verbs and expressions of emotion or feeling, such as fear, happiness, anger, regret, surprise, or any other sentiments, require the subjunctive: adorer que  to love thataimer que  to like thatapprà ©cier que  to appreciate that Verbs and expressions of doubt, possibility, supposition, and opinion require the subjunctive: accepter que to acceptsattendre ce que  to expectdà ©tester que  to hate Certain  verbs and expressions take the subjunctive when they are negative or interrogatory because they express uncertainty in the speakers mind: cest que  its that/becauseconnaà ®tre (quelquun) qui  Ã‚  Ã‚  to know (someone) thatcroire que  to believe that A number of French  conjunctive phrases  require the subjunctive: moins que*  Ã‚  Ã‚  unless supposer que  Ã‚  Ã‚  assuming thatafin que  Ã‚  Ã‚  so thatavant que*  Ã‚  Ã‚  before condition que  Ã‚  Ã‚  provided that The subjunctive is required  In a subordinate clause with the  negative pronouns  ne...personne  or  ne...rien, or the  indefinite pronouns  quelquun  or  quelque chose:   Ã‚  Je ne connais personne qui veuille maider.I dont know anyone who wants to help me.   Ã‚  ll ny a rien que nous puissions faire.Theres nothing that we can do. The subjunctive is  optional after main clauses that contain certain adjectives, such as  seul,  unique,  premier,  principal,  dernier, or any  superlative,  It depends on how concrete the speaker feels about what is being said:Hà ©là ¨ne est la seule personne qui puisse nous aider.Hà ©là ¨ne is the only person who can help us.(Hà ©là ¨ne may be the only person I think can help us, but there may be others.)Hà ©là ¨ne est la seule personne que je vois.Hà ©là ¨ne is the only person I see.(No subjunctive, because I know this for a fact - I only see Hà ©là ¨ne.) Conjugating the Subjunctive Is Relatively Straightforward To conjugate all regular verbs ending -ER, -IR, and -RE, as well as some irregular* ones, take the 3rd person plural  ils  form of the  present tense of the verb, drop the -ent  ending to find the stem, and add the subjunctive endings: Many verbs that  are irregular in the present tense are regular in the subjunctive, including all -IR verbs conjugated like partir and sortir and -RE verbs conjugated like mettre. Other irregular verbs, as well as all stem-changing verbs, have  irregular subjunctive conjugations.

How to write a case study for a bid - Emphasis

How to write a case study for a bid How to write a case study for a bid Most of a bid is dedicated to projecting the future – how you will help your prospect if youre chosen to work with them. In contrast, a case study lets you base your argument on something more concrete – what youve proven you can do in the past. And few things establish your reputation more effectively than reliable, relevant information about your past actions. Think of a boxer being announced with the record of their previous matches. An introduction like 38 wins, ten by knockout leaves a big impression in very little time. But to make a case study as persuasive as possible, you cant just describe what you did. You need to show off your organisations strengths and achievements in a way that will resonate with your prospect. This article will show you how. How to begin writing a case study The best way to get started is to get your research and planning done before you begin. Itll make the writing process much more straightforward. Getting relevant information about your previous client is key. If youre not client facing yourself, its a good idea to talk to someone who is (eg someone in sales or account management). Ask them why the previous client liked the work you did. If they liked it, theres a good chance it will resonate with your new prospect, too (as long as youve picked a suitably similar organisation for your case study). Your client-facing colleagues should also have access to the relevant facts and figures that illustrate the benefits of the work. Basic information to include Make sure to give your case study a specific title, such as Training 100 people in technical writing at HP. This immediately gives your readers an idea of what youve done before, even if they dont go on to read the rest of the case study. After the title, give basic information such as the name of the contract, whom it was for, what it delivered, its value and when you did the work. (You can set this out as a list.) And if youre using the case study as a reference – as some PQQs (pre-qualification questionnaires) require – then include some contact details for the previous client. (Obviously always ask permission of your previous client before you name them as a referee.) Giving your case study a logical structure There are lots of ways of structuring a case study. And, of course, if youre writing to a short word count, or to a particular bid or tender template, youll have to adapt to that. That said, a common and logical structure is to explain how you helped a client, step by step (if youre a regular reader, you may notice this is similar to the best structure for executive summaries). Begin with a short, factual background. Dont put too much detail here. You just need to make sure your prospect understands the basics of what you were doing. Include information like whom you worked for, and what the contract was for. Outlining the problems Then you can talk about any particular challenges or problems that your previous client had. This is where you can really emphasise the similarities between your previous client and your current prospect. With the problems sketched out, youre well placed to talk about the actions you took to solve those problems. Many case studies fall down at this point, because they become just a description of facts. But to make your case study stand out, you need to show what benefits your work had for your previous client. Remember to spell out these benefits. Did your previous client become more efficient because of your work? If so, how much time did they save? Or were you able to make them more profitable? If so, how much more profitable and over what amount of time? Which benefits you need to detail will depend on the sector and the kind of work youre doing. But the main thing to keep in mind is that you do need to highlight the benefits of your work and provide good evidence to support them. Finally, there are some other things you can include to make your case study really stand out. A good testimonial quote from your previous client can make your case study seem much more authentic (again, ask permission to use this). You can also consider using a particularly compelling graphic or image if it illustrates a key benefit of your work with your previous client. Things to avoid Try to avoid writing case studies at the last minute. It can take time to put all the relevant information together – and that may not be time you have when youre actively writing to a deadline. Be careful as well about putting in too much irrelevant detail (this is all too common). Youve got to ask why your prospect would care about whatever it is youre telling them. Do they really need to know when you first responded to the ITT or RFP? Or how many of your staff worked on part of the project? When you have detail youre sure will be relevant to your prospect, use it. Avoid being vague. Dont write general statements like, We dramatically improved conversion rate on PPC campaigns and boosted sales. Instead say, We increased conversion rate on PPC campaigns by 50 per cent – while reducing the overall ad spend by 10 per cent. This resulted in over  £10,000 in net profit for our client. (You may also want to highlight these key benefits by setting them out in bullet points.) Showing your strengths Above all, remember that the person reading the case study is trying to find evidence that youre the best organisation for the job. Make it as easy as possible for them to do this. If you keep the reader in mind throughout your writing, youll be much more likely to write a case study that resonates with them. And that could be the extra nudge you need to win them over. If youd like to improve your own case studies – and the proposal they accompany – have a look at our bid, tender and sales proposal writing courses for teams and for individuals. Image credit: ArtFamily / Shutterstock

Bean and Jerry Ice-cream Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Bean and Jerry Ice-cream Company - Essay Example The company started growing successfully due to some chunky ingredients and some unusual and catchy flavor. It was the scoop style which was adopted by them to sell ice-cream but they had to go for the pint way. By the year 1984 they had already been successful in taking the ice-cream company public in the city of Vermont. They got themselves registered under the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) allowing them to buy stock nationwide. Ben and Jerry were considered as good and old boys from the sixties who preferred conducting their meetings in a festive manner than in the stereotypical way of carry out any corporate meeting. They actually tried to show the masses that their company is not a place where people can work with greatness but it also tries to portrait that they are somewhere socially related as well responsible to the whole community and the society. â€Å"Caring Capitalism† is something which these two young people believed in and they eventually donated aroun d 7.5% of the pretax profit for the wellbeing of the society and for those social causes which included Centro for Better Living and Healing Our Mother Earth. Haagen-Dazs is the largest competitor of Benn and Jerry and the former has always been choosy in while distributing ice-creams. It has always aimed the elite class of the society. The funky image which the latter has shown has drawn attention of the younger crowd with catchy eyes. Their commitment to the society is an honest and an obvious approach. The mission statement of Benn and Jerry is the creation as well as demonstration of new concepts of the corporate for linked prosperity. The mission consists mainly of three parts. Underlying this mission is of course the in determination to seek a new as well as creative concepts and styles for addressing all the new parts, while holding this deep respect in case of every individuals outside and inside the company as well as for all the communities of which they consider themselve s to be a part. The company is operated on the basis of a sound and efficient economic system, which helps them to grow in the future and as well as increase the values of their shareholders on the other hand. The economic structure also aims at improving the opportunities of the workers and also is able to give away reward points. The company is also active in such a way that it is recognized everywhere as well as the important role which the company has in shaping the society locally, nationally and internationally. Underlying this particular mission of the company, Benn and Jerry is the creative and new ways of approaching and addressing all these three new parts, while they also try to uphold deep respect and virtue for each and every individuals outside and inside the company and eventually all the communities of which they consider themselves to be a part. 2. Product Benn and Jerry distribute, make and set all the best quality for the natural ice-creams and the dairy products related to a huge variety of unusual flavors which are made from the dairy product of Vermont. Their product which is super premium ice-cream is rich in the butterfat content that is 12%, where as this content is only 6-10 percent in other ice-dream. While ensuring quality of their product and of course to maintain the good old roots in their own community they preferred buying the creams from the

A reflective paper of 1000 words discussing design work and research Essay

A reflective paper of 1000 words discussing design work and research methods - Essay Example 2. With regards to the supply side, how did the changes in tourist behavior and preference affected the travel industry in terms of profitability and viability? Were there any large scale closures/ bankruptcy of tourism related service providers because of the change in customer behavior? According to a 2006 survey of corporate executives travel behavior and preferences conducted by Wainhouse Research, a market research firm based in the United States, out of 480 middle- and upper-management respondents, 63 percent affirmed that their propensity to take trips have lowered due to several factors such as war, terrorism, security inspections, new budgetary restraints and the like. This was in line with the results of their 2002 survey where 44 percent indicated restricting their trips abroad and at home. The results of the 2006 survey are significant since the 2002 results were obtained in the immediate wake of the 9/11 attacks where people do tend to prefer not traveling. It just goes to show that even after 4 years marked by strict security measures, people still do not want to expose themselves to the risks. (ISES, 2006) According to Market Research, an online company selling its business research, the USA and the United Kingdom has seen an increase in security consciousness with heavy monitoring in areas with people traffic very much high. The development came about after the wake of the 9/11 attack. (Market Research, 2005) It is expected that the 9/11 event would certainly negatively affect the global travel industry. For such a nation boasting itself as the leader in ensuring security with high-tech devices and well-planned systems, the United States saw the twin icons of its economic supremacy fall down right before their eyes. Pentagon, the country’s icon of military supremacy was also targeted. Passenger airplanes rushed and crashed on the structures. The message was clear- no one is safe

International Journal of Accounting and Financial Essay Example for Free

International Journal of Accounting and Financial Essay ABSTRACT The role of Indian mutual fund industry as significant financial service in financial market has really been noteworthy. In fact, the mutual fund industry has emerged as an important segment of financial market of India, especially in channelizing the savings of millions of individuals into the investment in equity and debt instruments. Mutual funds are seemingly the easiest and the least stressful way to invest in the stock market. Quiet a large amount of money has been invested in mutual funds during the past few years. Any investor would like to invest in a reputed Mutual Fund organization. Mutual funds are financial intermediaries concerned with mobilizing savings of those who have surplus and the canalization of these savings in those avenues where there is a demand for funds. These intermediaries employ their resources in such a manner as to provide combined benefits of low risk, steady return, high liquidity and capital appreciation through diversification and expert management. Reforms in the  Indian economic system and the opening up of the economy have been the reasons for the tremendous growth in the Indian capital market. This study analyzes the impact of different demographic variables on the attitude of investors towards mutual funds. Apart from this, it also focuses on the benefits delivered by mutual funds to investors. To this end, 200 respondents of Solapur City, having different demographic profiles were surveyed. The study reveals that the majority of investors have still not formed any attitude towards mutual fund investments. KEYWORDS: Mutual Fund, Investors, Solapur City INTRODUCTION Mutual fund is a pool of money collected from investors and is invested according to certain investment options. A mutual fund is a trust that pools the saving of a no. of investors who share a common financial goal. A mutual fund is created when investors put their money together. It is, therefore, a pool of investor’s fund. The money thus collected is then invested in capital market instruments such as shares, debentures and other securities. The income earned through these investments and the capital appreciations realized are shared by its unit holders in proportion to the no. of units owned by them. The most important characteristics of a fund are that the contributors and the beneficiaries of the fund are the same class of people namely the investors. The term mutual fund means the investors contribute to the pool and also benefit from the pool. The pool of funds held mutually by investors is the mutual fund. A mutual fund business is to invest the funds thus collected according to the wishes of the investors who created the pool. Usually the investor’s appoint professional investment managers create a product and offer it for investment to the investors. This project represents a share in the pool and pre status investment  Pritam P. Kothari Shivganga C. Mindargi  objectives. Thus, a mutual fund is the most suitable investment for a common man as it offers an opportunity to invest in a diversified, professionally managed basket of securities at relatively low cost. EVOLUTION OF INDIAN MUTUAL FUND INDUSTRY The formation of Unit Trust of India marked the evolution of the Indian mutual fund industry in the year 1963. The primary objective at that time was to attract the small investors and it was made possible through the collective efforts of the Government of India and the Reserve Bank of India. The history of mutual fund industry in India can be better understood divided into following phases: Establishment and Growth of Unit Trust of India 1964-87 Unit Trust of India enjoyed complete monopoly when it was established in the year 1963 by an act of Parliament. UTI was set up by the Reserve Bank of India and it continued to operate under the regulatory control of the RBI until the two were de-linked in 1978 and the entire control was transferred in the hands of Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI). UTI launched its first scheme in 1964, named as Unit Scheme 1964 (US-64), which attracted the largest number of investors in any single investment scheme over the years. UTI launched more innovative schemes in 1970s and 80s to suit the needs of different investors. It launched ULIP in 1971, six more schemes between 1981-84, Childrens Gift Growth Fund and India Fund (Indias first offshore fund) in 1986, Mastershare (Inidas first equity diversified scheme) in 1987 and Monthly Income Schemes (offering assured returns) during 1990s. By the end of 1987, UTIs assets under management grew ten times to Rs 6700 crores. Entry of Public Sector Funds 1987-1993 The Indian mutual fund industry witnessed a number of public sector players entering the market in the year 1987. In November 1987, SBI Mutual Fund from the State Bank of India became the first non-UTI mutual fund in India. SBI Mutual Fund was later followed by Canbank Mutual Fund, LIC Mutual Fund, Indian Bank Mutual Fund, Bank of India Mutual Fund, GIC Mutual Fund and PNB Mutual Fund. By 1993, the assets under management of the industry increased seven times to Rs. 47,004 crores. However, UTI remained to be the leader with about 80% market share. 1992-93 UTI Public Sector Total Amount Mobilised 11,057 1,964 13,021 Assets Under Management 38,247 8,757 47,004 Mobilisation as % of Gross Domestic Savings 5.20% 0.90% 6.10% Emergence of Private Secor Funds 1993-96 The permission given to private sector funds including foreign fund management companies (most of them entering through joint ventures with Indian promoters) to enter the mutal fund industry in 1993, provided a wide range of choice to investors and more competition in the industry. Private funds introduced innovative products, investment techniques and investor-servicing technology. By 1994-95, about 11 private sector funds had launched their schemes. Growth and SEBI Regulation 1996-2004 The mutual fund industry witnessed robust growth and stricter regulation from the SEBI after the year 1996. The mobilization of funds and the number of players operating in the industry reached new heights as investors started showing more interest in mutual funds. A Study of Investors Attitude towards Mutual Fund with Special Reference to Inversotrs in Solapur City Investors interests were safeguarded by SEBI and the Government offered tax benefits to the investors in order to encourage them. SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996 was introduced by SEBI that set uniform standards for all mutual funds in India. The Union Budget in 1999 exempted all dividend incomes in the hands of investors from income tax. Various Investor Awareness Programmes were launched during this phase, both by SEBI and AMFI, with an objective to educate investors and make them informed about the mutual fund industry. Growth and Consolidation 2004 Onwards The industry has also witnessed several mergers and acquisitions recently, examples of which are acquisition of schemes of Alliance Mutual Fund by Birla Sun Life, Sun FC Mutual Fund and PNB Mutual Fund by Principal Mutual Fund. Simultaneously, more international mutual fund players have entered India like Fidelity, Franklin Templeton Mutual Fund etc. There were 29 funds as at the end of March 2006. This is a continuing phase of growth of the industry through consolidation and entry of new international and private sector players. Indian mutual fund industry reached Rs 1,50,537 crore by March 2004. It is estimated that by 2010 March-end, the total assets of all scheduled commercial banks should be Rs 40,90,000 crore. The annual composite rate of growth is expected 13.4% during the rest of the decade. In the last 5 years there is an annual growth rate of 9%. According to the current growth rate, by year 2010, Mutual fund  India assets will be double FEATURES THOSE INVESTORS LIKE IN MUTUAL FUND If mutual funds are emerging as the favorite investment vehicle it is because of the many advantages. They have over other forms and avenues of investing parties for the investors who has limited resources available in terms of Capital and ability to carry out detailed reserves and market monitoring. These are the major advantages offered by mutual fund to all investors: Professional Management Mutual Funds provide the services of experienced and skilled professionals, backed by a dedicated investment research team that analyses the performance and prospects of companies and selects suitable investments to achieve the objectives of the scheme. Diversification Mutual Funds invest in a number of companies across a broad cross-section of industries and sectors. This diversification reduces the risk because seldom do all stocks decline at the same time and in the same proportion. You achieve this diversification through a Mutual Fund with far less money than you can do on your own. Convenient Administration Investing in a Mutual Fund reduces paperwork and helps you avoid many problems such as bad deliveries, delayed payments and follow up with brokers and companies. Mutual Funds save your time and make investing easy and convenient. Return Potential Over a medium to long-term, Mutual Funds have the potential to provide a higher return as they invest in a diversified basket of selected securities. Pritam P. Kothari Shivganga C. Mindargi Low Costs Mutual Funds are a relatively less expensive way to invest compared to directly investing in the capital markets because the benefits of scale in brokerage, custodial and other fees translate into lower costs for investors Liquidity In open-end schemes, the investor gets the money back promptly at net asset value related prices from the Mutual Fund. In closed-end schemes, the units can be sold on a stock exchange at the prevailing market price or the investor can avail of the facility of direct repurchase at NAV related prices by the Mutual Fund Transparency You get regular information on the value of your investment in addition to disclosure on the specific investments made by your scheme, the proportion invested in each class of assets and the fund managers investment strategy and outlook Flexibility Through features such as regular investment plans, regular withdrawal plans and dividend reinvestment plans, you can systematically invest or withdraw funds according to your needs and convenience Affordability Investors individually may lack sufficient funds to invest in high-grade stocks. A mutual fund because of its large corpus allows even a small investor to take the benefit of its investment strategy. Well Regulated All Mutual Funds are registered with SEBI and they function within the provisions of strict regulations designed to protect the interests of investors. The operations of Mutual Funds are regularly monitored by SEBI. DISADVANTAGES OF MUTUAL FUNDS Above I have mentioned the various advantages of Mutual Funds but it also suffers from a lot of drawbacks as the market is volatile and it is ever affected by national as well as international factors, these days we can see that crude oil prices in International market has become an important factor  in determining the market movement. Here are some disadvantages as cited by me and by survey: Fluctuating Returns Mutual funds are like many other investments without a guaranteed return: there is always the possibility that the value of your mutual fund will depreciate. Unlike fixed-income products, such as bonds and Treasury bills, mutual funds experience price fluctuations along with the stocks that make up the fund. When deciding on a particular fund to buy, you need to research the risks involved just because a professional manager is looking after the fund, that doesn’t mean the performance will be always good Diversification Although diversification is one of the keys to successful investing, many mutual fund investors tend to over diversify. The idea of diversification is to reduce the risks associated with holding a single security; over diversification (also known as diversification) occurs when investors acquire many funds that are highly related and, as a result, don’t get A Study of Investors Attitude towards Mutual Fund with Special Reference to Inversotrs in Solapur City the risk reducing benefits of diversification. At the other extreme, just because you own mutual funds doesn’t mean you are automatically diversified. For example, a fund that invests only in a particular industry or region is still relatively risky. For example: Sect oral Funds Cash and More Cash As you know already, mutual funds pool money from thousands of investors, so everyday investors are putting money into the fund as well as withdrawing investments. To maintain liquidity and the capacity to accommodate withdrawals, funds typically have to keep a large portion of their portfolios as cash. Having ample cash is great for liquidity, but money  sitting around as cash is not working for you and thus is not very advantageous. Costs Mutual funds provide investors with professional management, but it comes at a cost. Funds will typically have a range of different fees that reduce the overall payout. In mutual funds, the fees are classified into two categories: shareholder fees and annual operating fees. The shareholder fees, in the forms of loads and redemption fees are paid directly by shareholders purchasing or selling the funds. The annual fund operating fees are charged as an annual percentage usually ranging from 1-3%. These fees are assessed to mutual fund investors regardless of the performance of the fund. As you can imagine, in years when the fund doesn’t make money, these fees only magnify losses. Figure 1: Structure of Mutual Fund A mutual is a set up in the form of trust, which has sponsor, trustee, assets management company (AMC) and custodian. Sponsor is the person who acts alone or in combination with another body corporate and establishes a mutual fund. Sponsor must contribute at least 40% of the net worth of the investment managed and meet the eligibility criteria prescribed under the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Mutual Funds) regulations, 1996. The sponsor is not responsible or liable for any loss or shortfall resulting from the operation of the schemes beyond the initial contribution made by it towards setting up of Mutual Fund. The Mutual Fund is constituted as a trust in accordance with the provisions of the Indian Trusts Act, 1882 by the Sponsor. Trustee is usually a company (corporate body) or a board of trustees (body of individuals). The main responsibility of the trustee is to safeguard the interest of the unit holders and also ensure that AMC functions in the interest of investors’ and in accordance with the Securities and Exchange Board of India (Mutual Fund) Regulations 1996 the provisions of the Trust deed and the offer Document of the respective schemes. The AMC is appointed by the Trustees Pritam P. Kothari Shivganga C. Mindargi as the investment Manager of the Mutual Fund. The AMC is required to be approved by SEBI to act as an asset management company of the Mutual Fund. The AMC if so authorized by the Trust Deed appoints the Registrar and Transfer Agent to agent the mutual fund. The registrar processes the application form, redemption requests and dispatches account statements to the unit holders. The Registrar and Transfer agent also handles communications with investors’ and updates investor records. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Lenard et., al. (2003) empirically investigated investor’s attitudes toward mutual funds. The results indicate that the decision to switch funds within a fund family is affected by investor’s attitude towards risk, current asset allocation, investment losses, investment mix, capital base of the fund age, initial fund performance, investment mix, fund and portfolio diversification. The study reported that these factors are crucial to be considered before switching funds regardless of whether they invest in non-employer plans or in both employer and non-employer plans. Bollen (2006) studied the dynamics of investor fund flows in a sample of socially screened equity mutual funds and compared the relation between annual fund flows lagged performance in SR funds to the same relation in a matched sample of conventional funds. The result revealed that the extra-financial SR attribute serves to dampen the rate at which SR investors trade mutual funds. The study noted that the differences between SR funds and their conventional counterparts are robust over time and persist as funds age. The study found that the preferences of SR investors may be represented by conditional multi-attribute utility function (especially when SR funds deliver positive returns). The study remarked that mutual fund companies can expect SR investors to be more loyal than investors in ordinary funds. Walia and Kiran (2009) studied investor’s risk and return perception towards mutual funds. The study examined investors perception towards risk involved in mutual funds, return from mutual funds in comparison to other financial avenues, transparency and disclosure practices. The study investigated  problems of investors encountered with due to unprofessional services of mutual funds. The study found that majority of individual investors doesn’t consider mutual funds as highly risky investment. In fact on a ranking scale it is considered to be on higher side when compared with other financial avenues. The study also reported that significant relationship of interdependence exists between income level of investors and their perception for investment returns from mutual funds investment. Saini et., al. (2011) analyzed investor’s behavior, investors’ opinion and perception relating to various issues like type of mutual fund scheme, its objective, role of financial advisors / brokers, sources of information, deficiencies in the provision of services, investors’ opinion relating to factors that attract them to invest in mutual and challenges before the Indian mutual fund industry etc. The study found that investors seek for liquidity, simplicity in offer documents, online trading, regular updates through SMS and stringent follow up of provisions laid by AMFI. Singh (2012) conducted an empirical study of Indian investors and observed that most of the respondents do not have much awareness about the various function of mutual funds and they are bit confused regarding investment in mutual funds. The study found that some demographic factors like gender, income and level of education have their significant impact over the attitude towards mutual funds. On the contrary age and occupation have not been found influencing the investor’s attitude. The study noticed that return potential and liquidity have been perceived to be most lucrative benefits of investment in mutual funds and the same are followed by flexibility, transparency and affordability. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Mutual funds have their drawbacks and may not be for everyone. No investment is risk free. If the entire stock market declines in value, the value of mutual fund shares will go down as well, no matter how balanced the portfolio. A Study of Investors Attitude towards Mutual Fund with Special Reference to Inversotrs in Solapur City Investors encounter fewer risks when they invest in mutual funds than when they buy and sell stocks on their own. However, anyone who invests through a mutual fund runs the risk of losing money. All funds charge administrative fees to cover their day-to-day expenses. Some funds also charge sales commissions or â€Å"loads† to compensate brokers, financial consultants, or financial planners. When he invests in a mutual fund, they depend on the fund’s manager to make the right decisions regarding the fund’s portfolio. If the invests in Index Funds, they foregoes management risk, because these funds do not employ managers. Though these are the problems in the investment of mutual funds, in the recent days most of the investors preferred to invest their funds on mutual funds. In this background, the research has made an attempt to study the investors’ preference for mutual funds in Solapur City. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The present study is based upon the results of survey conducted on 200 mutual fund investors. The implications of the study are subject to the limitations of sample size, psychological and emotional characteristics of surveyed population. SCOPE OF THE STUDY This paper provides Future of Mutual Funds industry information as well as awareness level amongst people for Mutual Funds. Also this project report of Mutual Funds gives an outlook to management as to how the mutual funds are performing in the current market situation as a result what may be the future of this industry. This paper on mutual funds is informative the students who want to understand and undertake assignments in the industry. This study also facilitates the general people who can understand the importance and explore the new option for investment in Mutual Funds. Different financial institutions provide services that are both complementary to and competitive with each other. A well built financial system directly contributes to the growth of the country. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This study is descriptive in nature based on survey method. The study aims at finding out the attitude of the investors towards investment in mutual funds in Solapur city. This study was based mainly on primary sources. The primary data was collected from the investors of mutual funds with help of the questionnaire. The secondary data were collected from the books, records and journals. By adopting convenience sampling, 200 respondents were selected for this study. The essential data were collected with the help of questionnaire. The data collected from the period of January 2011 to April 2011. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Figure: 2 Showing Pattern of Investment Pritam P. Kothari Shivganga C. Mindargi From above figure it is clear that 75% investors are invested in open ended schemes where as 15% invested in closed ended schemes in mutual fund. Figure: 3 Reason for Investment in Mutual Fund From above figure it is clear that and 42% investors say that they invested money in mutual fund for tax assumption. 33% investors say that they invested money in mutual fund for higher returns. 16% investors say that they invested money in mutual fund for value creation in fund. 9% investors say that they invested money in mutual fund for other reason. Figure: 4 Showing the Reason of Investors that not Invested Money in Mutual Fund From above figure is clear that 50% investors say that they not interested to invest money in mutual fund. 33% investors say that they have imperfect knowledge in mutual fund, so they are not invested. 8.5% investors say that they invested in govt. bond. 8.5% investors has other reason so they not invested money in mutual fund. Figure: 5 Showing Type of Investment Investors Should be Preferred A Study of Investors Attitude towards Mutual Fund with Special Reference to Inversotrs in Solapur City From above figure it is clear that investors invest money in fixed deposits. 15 25% investors invest money in gold/real estates. 17% investors invest money in mutual fund. 8% investors invest money in bond/debentures. Remaining 17% investors invest money in shares. Figure: 6 Showing Returns Investor get from their Investment From above figure it is clear that 70% investors are gaining 5-15% returns from their investment. 23% are gaining 15-30% returns from their investment. 5% investors are gaining 30-45% returns from their investment. Remaining only 2% investors is gaining above 45% returns from their investment. Figure: 7 Showing Duration of Investment From above it is clear 80% investors are dealing in short term duration whereas 20% investors are dealing in long term duration. Figure: 8 Showing the Investors Experience in Mutual Fund Pritam P. Kothari Shivganga C. Mindargi From above figure it is clear that 73% investors say that they are having bad experience in mutual fund. 12% investors say that they are having good experience in mutual fund. Remaining 15% investors say that their experience is ok. FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS Findings †¢The trend for investment is changing rapidly besides the traditional pattern of investment and people today they are ready to undertake risk and also bear the volatility of changing mutual fund market scenario. †¢This shows that people with Middle Income Group are more attractive this market and are ready to bear the risk. †¢It is observed that 75% investors have invested open ended schemes that they want higher returns on their investment rather than investing in closed ended schemes in mutual fund. †¢It is observed that 42% investors have invested money for tax assumption.33% investors have invested money for higher returns in their investment.16% investors have invested money for value creation in fund. And remaining 9% investors have invested money for other reason. †¢It is observed that 50% investors have not interested to invest money in mutual fund.33% investors have imperfect knowledge so they not invested money in mutual fund.9% investors find govt. securities bond is better that’s way they not invested money in mutual fund. And remaining 8% investors have other reason so they not invested money in mutual fund. †¢It is observed that more businessmen were inclined towards investing in current account. The ladies were inclined to invest their money in Gold and jewelleries. Service class people and retired class people prefer more saving and fixed deposits People with high income. †¢It is observed that 70% investors have invested to getting returns in the range of 5-15% which shows in short span of time they are getting good returns and more than expectations. †¢It is observed that 80% investors have invested in short term duration which indicates the investors have not ready to invest in long term period due to various risks associated with long term duration of investment. †¢On asking how they get knowledge of mutual fund a large number of them attributed to print media. Even banks today follow the role of the investment advisors. Very few get any information from the e-media or Hence, AMCs must increase the awareness about their product through Electronic media (TVs, Cables, Radios etc.) as well as and should not just constrained itself to the print advertisement those who do not read newspaper. SUGGESTIONS Investor’s Point of View The question that entire customer, irrespective of the age group and financial status, think of is- Are mutual funds are a safe option? What makes them safe? The basis of mutual fund industry’s safety is the way the business is defined and regulation of law. Since the mutual fund invests in the capital market instruments, so proper knowledge is essential. Hence the essential requirement is well informed seller and equally informed buyer who  understands and helped them to understand the product (here we can say the capital market and the money market instruments) is the essential preconditions. A Study of Investors Attitude towards Mutual Fund with Special Reference to Inversotrs in Solapur City Being Prudent Investor One Should †¢Ask one’s agent to give details of different schemes and match the appropriate ones. †¢Go to the company records or the fund house regarding any queries if one is not satisfied by the agents. †¢Investors should always keep an eye on the performance of the scheme and other good schemes as well which are available in the market for the closed comparison. †¢Never invest blindly in the investments before going through the fact sheets, annual reports etc. of the company. Since, according to the Guidelines of SEBI The AMCs are bound to disclose all the relevant data that is necessary for the investment purpose of investors. Company’s (Mutual Fund Companies) Point of View  Following measures can be taken by the company for getting higher investments in the mutual fund schemes: †¢Educate the agents or the salesmen properly so that they can take up the queries of the customer effectively. †¢Set up separate customer care divisions where the customers can anytime pose their query, regarding the scheme or the current NAV etc. These customer care units can work out in accordance with the requirements of the customer and facilitates them to choose the scheme that suits their financial status. †¢Conduct seminars or programs about mutual fund where every information about the product is outlined including the risk factor associated with the different classes of assets. †¢Brokers should reduce the brokerage charges for intra day and delivery based so that the investor can save more amounts to generate extra investment for the investor as well as for the Mutual Fund companies. †¢Mutual Fund companies should try to increase the promotion and advertisement strategies for awareness of Mutual fund in solapur city. CONCLUSIONS The mutual fund industry is growing at a tremendous pace. A large number of plans have come up from different financial resources. With the stock markets oaring the investors are attracted towards these schemes. Only a small segment of the investors still in Mutual Funds and the main source  sources of information still are the financial advisors followed by advertisements in different media. The Indian investors generally invest over period of 2-3 years. Also there is a tendency to invest in fixed deposits due to the security attached to it. In order to excel and make mutual funds a success, companies still need to create awareness and understand the psyche of the Indian customer. REFERENCES Agapova, Anna, 2011, „The Role of Money Market Mutual Funds in Mutual Fund Families , Journal of Applied ‟ 1. Finance, Vol. 21, Issue. 1, pp. 87-102. Agarwal, Vikas; Boyson, Nicole M.; Naik, Narayan Y, 2009, „Hedge Funds for Retail Investors? An Examination of Hedged Mutual Funds , Journal of Financial Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 44, Issue 2, pp. 273-305. ‟ 2. 12 Pritam P. Kothari Shivganga C. Mindargi 3. A. Vennila, R. Nandhagopal(2012) â€Å"Investors’ Preference towards Mutual Funds in Coimbatore City European Journal of Social Sciences ISSN 1450-2267 Vol.29 No.1 (2012), pp. 115-125 4. Binod Kumar Singh (2011) â€Å"A Study on Investors’ Attitude towards Mutual Funds as an Investment Option† JOURNAL OF ASIAN BUSINESS STRATEGY, VOL. 1(2): 8-15 5. Badrinath, S.G Gubellini, S, (2011), „On the characteristics and performance of long-short, market-neutral and bear mutual funds , Journal of Banking Finance, Vol. 35 Issue 7, pp.1762-1776. ‟ 6. Dranikoff L, Koller, T. and Schneider, A, â€Å"Divestiture: Strategy’s Missing Link†, Harvard Business Review, May 2002, 80 (5). 7. Dr.Nishi Sharma (2009) â€Å"Indian Inverstors Perception towards mutual funds† Business Management Dynamics Vol.2, No.2, Aug 2012, pp.01-09 8. Gil-Bazo, Javier; Ruiz Verd, Pablo, 2009, „The Relation between Price and Performance in the Mutual Fund Industry , Journal of Finance, Vol. 64, Issue 5, pp. 2153-2183. ‟ 9. Hansen M and Nohria N, â€Å"What’s your Strategy for Managing Knowledge?† Harvard Business Review, MarchApril, 1999, 77 (2).1 10. Journal of Marketing, 32 (October), 65-68, 1968. 11. Rajeswari, T.R., and V.E. RamaMoorthy, 2001, An Empirical Study on Factors Influencing the Mutual Fund Scheme Selection by Retail Investors . Retrieved on May 2010 http://www.utiicm .com/Cmc/PDFs/ ‟ 2001/rajeswari.pdf. 12. Singh, Chander, 2004, „Performance of mutual funds in India – an empirical evidence , ICFAI journal of applied ‟ finance December, pp. 81-98. 13. Subbash C. Jain, â€Å"Marketing Planning and Strategy†, South Western College Publishing, Sixth Edition, 2000. 14. Singh, B. K. and Jha, A.K. 2009, „An empirical study on awareness acceptability of mutual fund , Regional ‟ Student s Conference, ICWAI, pp. 49-55. ‟ 15. Winer, C. Strategic Thinking: An executive Perspective, Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall, 2000

Statistics Essay -- Data Analysis, Frequency Distribution

Statistics are necessary for scientific research because they allow the researchers to analyze empirical data needed to interpret the findings and draw conclusions based on the results of the research. According to Portney and Watkins (2009), all studies require a description of subjects and responses that are obtained through measuring central tendency, so all studies use descriptive statistics to present an appropriate use of statistical tests and the validity of data interpretation. Although descriptive statistics do not allow general conclusions and allow only limited interpretations, they are useful for understanding the study sample and establishing an appropriate framework for the further analysis in the study. Further analysis using appropriate statistical methods allows the researchers to establish correlations between independent and dependent variables, define possible outcomes, and identify areas of potential study in the future accurately. Statistics is important for res earchers because it allows them to investigate and interpret the data more accurately, and researchers will notice patterns in the data that would be overlooked otherwise and result in inaccurate and possibly subjective conclusions (Portney & Watkins, 2009). Frequency distribution is a method used in descriptive statistics to arrange the values of one or multiple variables in a sample, so it will summarize the distribution of values in a sample. Frequency distribution is the most basic and frequently used method in statistics because it creates organized tables of data which can be used later to calculate averages or measure variability. The organized data frequency distribution provides continuous data that is easier to work with than raw data obtai... ...loser to the population mean and the plot would display a normal curve because a sampling distribution always forms a normal curve (Portney & Watkins, 2009). When the frequency distribution graph shows a normal curve, it is possible to determine its variability and estimate the standard error of the mean in compliance with the sample data. Unlike probability, an estimate of the population distribution allows researchers to establish the probability of selecting a sample with a predictable mean. Although the sampling distribution for predicting single outcomes is not applicable in reality, sample data can be used to draw inferences about the entire population from one sample, but it is never used to measure variance directly. However, sample data finds applications in several researches that require estimating unknown population parameters (Portney & Watkins, 2009)

History of French Cinema Essay

The art of cinematography is supposed to be born in France. On December 28, 1885, in one of the cafe-saloons at Boulevard des Capucines in Paris a screening by Louis and Auguste Lumiere, L’Arrivee d’un train en gare de la Ciotat, was presented to general public’s attention. Along with some other early movies, including Le Voyage dans la Lune, it marked the birth of a new epoch in arts. Since those times French cinema was never on the decline. Currently, it is considered to be very developed and the next best after Hollywood. Early French movies were mostly filmed with the help of the techniques of stop-tricks, multiple exposures, substitutions and other simple special effects. At that, an important role was played by Georges Melies, an influential French movie-maker, who used to promote cinematography and involve in it many talented composers, actors and screenwriters of those times. During the 1910s numerous comedies with Max Linder gained a huge popularity worldwide. Before the World War I, overwhelming majority of cinema movie products was made in France, mainly at Pathe Freres and Gaumont Pictures. After the war, the era of poetic realism and classicism started in French cinema. Such movies as La Grande Illusion, Les Enfants du Paradis and others were reflecting post-war realities and social life. Another direction of French cinema development within the 1930s was comedy, where the contribution of Rene Clair (Le Salaire de la Peur, etc. ) was the most substantial. The movies L’Atlante and Zero de Conduite directed by Jean Vigo were the examples of further experimentations with cinema production techniques. Modern image of French cinema art started its formation after the World War II and recognition of its aftereffects. Following a series of anti-Nazi movies, during the late 1940s French directors started addressing to the problems of humanism, as well as producing a number of high-quality entertaining movies. Besides, the screenings of French literature classics, including La Charterhouse at Parma and Le Rouge et le Noir, gained a rapid worldwide popularity. But one of the central cinema works of that period of time is the movie Hiroshima Mon Amour directed by Alain Resnais. In 1946 the first International Movie Festival took place in Cannes and received the status of annual. Nowadays it is one of the most prestigious movie festivals, which give opportunity to discover new talents in cinema industry. In the beginning of the 1950s a number of gifted actors of various genres appeared in France: Brigitte Bardot, Jean Marais, Bourvil, Maria Casares, Antoine Doinel, Louis de Funes, Serge Reggiani and many others. French cinema was becoming more and more thematic and experimental. On the peak of the â€Å"new wave† in the 1950s, a lot of new directors, such as Jean-Luc Godard, Francois Truffaut, Yves Robert, Francis Veber, Claude Lelouch and Louis Malle made themselves known. The developments of that epoch are regarded to emphasizing conceptual forms of the plot. The movies of Jacques Demy, Les Parapluies de Cherbourg featuring a brilliant French actress Catherine Deneuve and Les Demoiselles de Rochefort, marked a new direction of French cinema art: cinema-musical. Within the 1960s-70s a new series of talented actors dominated in French cinema: Jean-Louis Trintignant, Jean-Paul Belmondo, Alain Delon, Annie Girardot, just to name a few. Such styles as melodrama, historical movies, classical dramatic repertoire and absurdist experimentations were developing. Also, French comedies regained their worldwide popularity due to outstanding performances of Michel Colucci, Pierre Richard and Gerard Depardieu. During the 1980s about 140 French movies became popular on global level. Modern French cinema is a very sophisticated art, in which human psychology and dramatics of the plot are always united with a little piquancy and artistic beauty. Modern directors like Luc Besson and Francois Ozon are leading the fashion. Popular actors are Jean Reno, Sophie Marceau, Audrey Tautou, and Christian Clavier. French government broadly supports the development and popularization of national cinema products.

Maya Angelou Essay

During this class period you need to complete the following essay. Please type it and use proper formatting. The stories are all posted on your Edline page under assignments. You do NOT need the internet for ANY OTHER REASON. When you have completed the essay you need to do the FRED book assignment below. Comparing Texts Author Study: Maya Angelou Writing a Response to Literature: Biographical Approach Maya Angelou has remarked, â€Å"I’m always inspired by men and women who rise†¦That ability to rise is nobleness of the human spirit.† Write an essay in which you analyze Angelou’s beliefs about the human spirit, as reflected in the four works you just read. Before you begin, consider what Angelou has to say about her work: â€Å"I speak to the black experience, but I am always talking about the human condition—about what we can endure, dream, fail at, and still survive.† Writing Your Essay As you plan, draft, and revise your essay, keep the following tips in mind: †¢In the introduction, or the beginning of your essay, include a specific thesis statement that presents the key point you will prove in your essay. †¢Support your ideas with evidence from the four selections. Be sure to analyze how Angelou’s tone and use of stylistic devices contribute to the expression of her themes or main ideas. †¢Make sure that every paragraph has unity and coherence. All the sentences in the paragraph should relate to one main idea and help develop that idea. †¢End your essay with a conclusion in which you summarize your main points. Include a new, but related, closing insight or reflection. Create a one-page document that shows you have understood the book with the 2 parts below: †¢Part 1: First, think of the symbols in the book. Then, find pictures using â€Å"Google images† or â€Å"Clip Art† and paste them into the document. Then give a 1-2 sentence reason for the symbol. †¢Part 2: Write a book review. Make sure you convince me you have read it thoroughly! It should be no more than 1-2 paragraphs. (If you do not finish in class, send to me via email before the end of the day! vocabqueenb@gmail.com)